ECONOMY

118 the impact of electoral laws
Taagepera, R.1993. Predicting the number of parties: a quantitative model of Duverger
mechanical effect. American Political Science Review, 87: 455–64.
Tufte, E.R.1973. The relationship between seats and votes in two-party systems. American
Political Science Review, 67: 540–7.
Wattenberg,M.1992. The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics: Presidential Elections of the
1980s. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Wessels, B.1999. System characteristics matter: empirical evidence from ten representation
studies. Pp. 137–61 in Policy Representation in Western Democracies, ed.R.Pierce,
J. Thomassen, R. Herra, S. Holmberg, P. Esaiasson, and B. Wessels. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Wittman,D.1973. Parties as utility maximizers. American Political Science Review, 18: 490–8.
1977. Candidates with policy preferences: a dynamic model. Journal of Economic Theory,
14: 180–9.
1983. Candidate motivation: a synthesis of alternative theories. American Political Science
Review, 77: 142–57.
1990. Spatial strategies when candidates have policy preferences. Pp. 66–98 in Advances
in the Spatial Theory of Voting, ed. J. M. Enelow. New York: Cambridge University Press.