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of that ward participate in making decisions about them. Yeoville is home to a range of active community-based organisations, which could be used as a basis to build participation platforms that are more inclusive. • The reality of informality: in Yeoville informality permeates the residential and commercial sectors. Buildings are sub-let, partitioned and extended without municipal approval, resulting in a radical change to the look and feel of the suburb. Informal trading is common, providing a safety net for the unemployed and contributing to urban food security. Yet, with good planning and management, informality can be harnessed to contribute to an inclusive, productive and sustainable city. • Minimal urban management and vision: Yeoville is perceived as a site of urban decay, characterised by crime and grime. For many residents, the main symbol of the state in the neighbourhood is policing, rather than visionary leadership, urban governance and management. Local government’s preoccuption with eradicating and replacing what exists with something more conventional, centred on a middle and business class returning to area, means that opportunities are missed. Possible development directions, which build on core aspects of Yeoville, include social and economic integration, inclusive mobility, densification for easier access to services and economic opportunities, and a 24-hour city. Lessons from Yeoville Yeoville is an example of an integrated, mixed-income neighbourhood and highlights the challenge of making such communities work and become socially cohesive. Different needs and contexts result in different approaches to space, which can lead to conflict unless supportive urban management is in place. Yeoville represents myriad aspects of an inclusive city, but the persisting narrative of crime and grime mean that opportunities are missed. A shift in thinking is needed, in particular around who belongs and has rights in the city. As urban migration continues to grow, cities need to think about what an inclusive city looks and feels like – and whether “clean” cities are a necessity or a nice-to-have. What is more important: a food-secure city with safety nets for the poorest or a clean city? A long-standing preoccupation in the making of South African cities is the tendency to identify and erase “the undesirable” before what is “desirable” can come into effect. Although informality is often viewed as contrary to the world-class city, Yeoville is an example of how opportunities for innovations that form organically can, with local government support, become a city that is inclusive in the true sense. Source: Ngobese (2016) To understand urban inclusivity based on the “right to the city”, a useful notion is that of “capabilities”, or the freedoms of citizens to lead the kind of lives they value (Sen, 1999: 18). Public policy can enhance these capabilities, and effective public participation can influence the direction of public policy. This implies developing the full potential of citizens through access to the necessary resources. The question is whether all citizens – local and foreign – experience the same rights, freedoms and unrestricted movement, or whether they are excluded and marginalised from the rights to the city, unable to lead the kind of lives that they value. Citizenship and having citizens’ rights do not automatically result in inclusion and freedom. 130 State of South African Cities Report 2016
Inclusion in South Africa’s Cities The inclusivity of cities is measured using social and spatial indicators. Vulnerability and exclusion are examined through urban inequality, collective violence, public protests, public safety and migration, while access to basic services considers urban transport and access, as well as urban integration. Vulnerable populations and spatial transformation Social vulnerability refers to the inability of people, settlements and societies to cope with or adapt to the impact of multiple stressors. A social vulnerability index 2 is used to identify relatively vulnerable communities. Figure 4.1 shows the distinct spatial location of vulnerable urban populations in nine South African cities. The location is in most cases a continuation of the apartheid spatial patterns. Although South Africa’s cities have undergone significant changes, the vulnerable populations are still either concentrated on the periphery (in new RDP and informal settlements) or in townships. Figure 4.1: Social vulnerability – locating South Africa’s vulnerable people Limpopo Limpopo 4 Midrand Tembisa Kekana Garden North West Winterveld Hammanskraal Bultfontein Mabopane Grootvlei Hebron Vastfontein GaRankuwa Wallmannsthal Thembisile Akasia Bon Accord Roodeplaat Doornkraal Cullinan Ekangala Eersterust Rayton Mamelodi Cheetah Park Laudium Mooiplaas Vaalbank Roodepoort Centurion Boschkop Rietfontein Diepsloot Kameelkraal Centurion Bronkhorstspruit Malatjie Gauteng Kya Sand Bapsfontein Rietfontein Sandton Roodepoort Alexandra Kempton Park Etwatwa Randburg Edenvale Benoni Breswol Holfontein Randfontein Johannesburg Germiston Gugulethu Soweto Boksburg Springs Alberton Brakpan Lehae Langaville Kwa-Thema City of Johannesburg NU Tokoza Katlehong Duduza Lawley Ennerdale Nigel Orange Farm Cerutiville Lakeside Mpumalanga Legend Roads Province 9 Cities Main place name Main places Social Vulnerability (14 class) Low vulnerability High vulnerability 2 The index is derived from a Principal Component Analyses (PCA) on a ward level using 2011 national census data. The PCA was based on 14 variables (average household size, age dependency ratio, percentage unemployed, percentage people below poverty line, percentage rural population, percentage shacks, percentage education, percentage disabled people, percentage female head of households, percentage population without electricity, percentage households without telephone lines, percentage people without a car, percentage people without public water, percentage immigrants). (Le Roux and Naude, 2014) Inclusive CITIES 131
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
Page 80 and 81: Transformation of management and ca
Page 83 and 84: PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
Page 85 and 86: Introduction South Africa is headin
Page 87 and 88: Congestion and pressure on resource
Page 89 and 90: transportation networks. Land-use p
Page 91 and 92: strategies in separate silos, with
Page 93 and 94: The Economic Role and Performance o
Page 95 and 96: • Johannesburg is South Africa’
Page 97 and 98: Nevertheless, recent economic fores
Page 99 and 100: • In the last five years, Tshwane
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
Page 103 and 104: Over the last 10 years, at a sector
Page 105 and 106: There is a marked correlation betwe
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
Page 111 and 112: development role set out in the 199
Page 113 and 114: Table 3.3: Key economic development
Page 115 and 116: • eThekwini has an active economi
Page 117 and 118: Both types of township are low-inco
Page 119 and 120: Informal economy and self-employmen
Page 121 and 122: South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
Page 123: PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
Page 126 and 127: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
Page 128 and 129: Andile’s story This is based on a
Page 132 and 133: Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
Page 134 and 135: These service delivery gains have c
Page 136 and 137: YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
Page 138 and 139: However, when the NWAC is superimpo
Page 140 and 141: Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
Page 142 and 143: As mentioned, urban integration is
Page 144 and 145: Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
Page 146 and 147: Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
Page 148 and 149: Urban safety South Africa’s citie
Page 150 and 151: City’s unemployment rate is about
Page 152 and 153: Collective violence 7 Two main dime
Page 154 and 155: Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
Page 156 and 157: Furthermore, citizen education and
Page 158 and 159: South Africa requires a spatial pol
Page 161 and 162: SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
Page 163 and 164: Introduction Since 1994, the govern
Page 165 and 166: will need to have low-emissions gro
Page 167 and 168: Most of South Africa’s energy con
Page 169 and 170: Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
Page 171 and 172: • Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
Page 173 and 174: WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
Page 175 and 176: 500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
Page 177 and 178: facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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