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Access to information As many ward councillors do not always attend council meetings, ward committee issues do not make their way into the minutes and are not reflected in IDPs (de Visser, 2009). The ward committee often does not receive the information needed from the council to make decisions, while decisions are often presented to the ward committee long after council has taken these decisions; in effect, it becomes simply a rubber-stamp exercise. Ward committees need to be well-informed and capacitated to engage with the implications of city policies in their localities. Citizens have to have the space to engage but can only do so if dissent is tolerated and if sufficient information is provided. Participatory governance is a continuum of closed, invited and claimed spaces (Naidu, n.d.). Ward committees are invited spaces, while special interest groups or residents’ associations occupy claimed spaces. Active citizenship involves claiming spaces or actively engaging in invited spaces. The exercise of voice (the right to participate) is insufficient for dealing with exclusion, but the solution to greater inclusivity and transformation does not necessarily lie in creating new participatory mechanisms (Naidu, n.d.: 10): Rather, much will depend on the how these spaces are created, who populates them, how voice and agency are exercised in them and the nature of the power relations which surround and imbue these potentially democratic spaces. Key to realizing a truly democratic space is the accommodation of dissent. At present ward committees serve to silence dissent, as a disciplinary space. Ward committees: a failed space Ward committees have mostly failed as a space for effective community participation and oversight. This is partly because of the structure (that allows ward councillors to be “captured”), but also because communities do not always use the space provided by ward committees. Instead of exercising their voice in ward committees, communities use protest as a means to express their demands (Booysen, 2012). This tension, between a perceived lack of access to formal structures and the perceived benefits of protest, is to a certain extent the consequence of a state as provider model of governance. Although many urban citizens form coalitions (ratepayers’ associations, street committees, safety forums), the most marginalised rely on the city to provide the basic infrastructure for their survival. A different model is required for social transformation, one of dynamic reciprocal engagement. This means shifting the prevailing political culture from favouring the dominant party and the socially privileged, to including marginalised groups. Participation can be enhanced by encouraging communities to be more inclusive and using ward committees to hold councillors accountable. Furthermore, changes should be introduced to ensure that ward committees reflect local interests and power dynamics, and membership should be extended and not include leaders of parties formally represented in the council. 212 State of South African Cities Report 2016
Electoral politics in tension with substantial democracy Local government is not inherently more democratic or accountable than the other spheres, but its proximity to citizens creates expectations of answerability and responsiveness. Yet the electoral system for local government contributes to political centralisation, as 50% of seats are ward based, and the remainder allocated according to proportional representation from a party list. This “has centralised enormous power in the hands of party leaders”, with mayors and councillors owing their position to party bosses not the voters (Cameron, 2014: 588). Nevertheless, this trend may shift as local elections become more strongly contested. Ward councillors often lack the motivation (and/or capacity) to challenge the council on behalf of local communities, while the executive is busy dealing with macro challenges. This means that policy priorities are not adequately negotiated and transformation agendas lose out to local and city-wide patronage. This tendency to follow the dominant party line undermines the logic and diversity of decentralised local governance. Table 6.1: We can influence local government decisions Black (African) Coloured Indian/Asian White Total Agree 52.30% 47.60% 45.10% 38.30% 49.90% Disagree 17.20% 20.90% 23.50% 22.10% 18.30% * Respondents were asked “Do citizens like me have the power to influence decisions made by local government?’’ Source: IJR, Confronting exclusion, 22 November 2013, p. 21, IRR South Africa Survey, 2014. As Table 6.1 shows, only 50% of local citizens think they can influence decision-making. Box ticking on one side and distrust on the other side erode the space for practical deliberation on options. Citizen activism is limited to voting turnout, or protest, rather than consistent engagement in democratic spaces (Drimie and Pieterse, 2013). Well-governed <strong>cities</strong> have regular elections according to a formal electoral process in which political parties and citizens participate. Indicators of democratic electoral political processes include voter registration, turnout and access to formal spaces to be heard. Figure 6.5 suggests national and local participation levels are moving in opposite directions, with the former declining and the latter rising. 6 WELL-GOVERNED CITIES 213
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
Page 161 and 162: SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
Page 163 and 164: Introduction Since 1994, the govern
Page 165 and 166: will need to have low-emissions gro
Page 167 and 168: Most of South Africa’s energy con
Page 169 and 170: Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
Page 171 and 172: • Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
Page 173 and 174: WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
Page 175 and 176: 500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
Page 177 and 178: facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
Page 181 and 182: As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
Page 183 and 184: Accelerating the transition to sust
Page 185 and 186: disadvantaged groups, through facil
Page 187 and 188: Accelerating the transition to food
Page 189 and 190: Biodiversity South Africa is the th
Page 191 and 192: Open spaces Ecological and social o
Page 193 and 194: in the city and in their homes then
Page 195 and 196: Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
Page 197 and 198: Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
Page 199: Recommendations Develop and embed a
Page 202 and 203: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
Page 204 and 205: informal political and social cultu
Page 206 and 207: Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
Page 208 and 209: While these dynamics are critical a
Page 210 and 211: Blurred intergovernmental responsib
Page 214 and 215: Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
Page 216 and 217: COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
Page 218 and 219: The right people are not necessaril
Page 220 and 221: Local government will require new k
Page 222 and 223: All the cities have performance man
Page 224 and 225: Unethical behaviour is one of the r
Page 226 and 227: Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
Page 228 and 229: Service Delivery and Development As
Page 230 and 231: Still playing catch-up on basic ser
Page 232 and 233: knew anything about the city’s ID
Page 234 and 235: The established routines need to ch
Page 237 and 238: FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
Page 239 and 240: Introduction With total expenditure
Page 241 and 242: In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
Page 243 and 244: Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
Page 245 and 246: The challenge is that the interface
Page 247 and 248: Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
Page 249 and 250: National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
Page 251 and 252: As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
Page 253 and 254: In the case of property development
Page 255 and 256: distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
Page 257 and 258: • Despite this, the overwhelming
Page 259 and 260: Effectiveness of spending and servi
Page 261 and 262: cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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