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The urbanisation trend is particularly marked in the relatively less urbanised regions: the global South and poorer sub-regions. Therefore, the rate of urbanisation will be higher, for example, in West, East and Central Africa than in Southern Africa or South Africa, which is already relatively more urbanised (Figure 1.4). This does not mean that the urban population will not continue to grow in South Africa. The National Development Plan (NDP) estimates that South Africa’s urban population will grow by about 10% every two decades, reaching 70% in 2030 and almost 80% in 2050 (NPC, 2011). Figure 1.4: World urban population 2 7 000 6 000 5 000 Urban population (millions) 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 World Africa Asia Europe Latin America and the Caribbean Northern America Oceania 0 1950 1990 2016 2030 2050 Urban population (millions) 600 500 400 300 200 100 East Africa Central Africa North Africa West Africa Southern Africa South Africa 0 1950 1990 2016 2030 2050 2 UN World Urbanization Prospects: Data Query. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/dataquery/ 20 State of South African Cities Report 2016
The consequence of this rapid urbanisation is that the numbers of urban residents grow fast in specific places. Approximately one quarter (23.9%) of the world population is already concentrated in large urban areas of a million population or more (Demographia, 2016). Four African city-regions are listed among the 50 largest urban areas in the world: • #17: Cairo – population nearly 16 million (15 910 000) and density of 9000 people per km 2 • #24: Lagos – population nearly 13 million (12 830 000) and density of 9000 people per km 2 • #27: Kinshasa – population over 11 million (11 380 000) and density of 19 500 people per km 2 • #40: Johannesburg – population over 8.5 million (8 655 000) and density of 3300 people per km 2 . 1 The size and growth of specific urban areas is a subject of increasing attention and study as it brings particular challenges, but also opportunities, for socioeconomic growth and development. Today’s <strong>cities</strong>, particularly in the global south, are collectively grappling with these challenges of urban planning, development, management and governance. LEARNING from BRICS Cities The BRICS yield up some inspiring examples of how to seize the opportunities that urbanization can provide, and how to pursue inclusive urban development. They also highlight the problems inappropriate policies bring. All these countries have gone through difficult periods during their urban transitions, and several still bear heavy burdens of past failures to process urban growth equitably and efficiently (McGranahan and Martine, 2012: 2). BRICS countries face common challenges (although of very different scales), but the greatest insights may also come from their differences rather than their similarities. Urban population: BRICS countries Urban population: BRICS Countries 800 000 000 7.22E+08 700 000 000 600 000 000 500 000 000 4.01E+08 400 000 000 300 000 000 1.71E+08 200 000 000 1.06E+08 100 000 000 3.39E+07 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Urban population (% of total) Urban population: (% of total) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Brazil China India Russian Federation South Africa Source: South African Research Chair in Spatial Analysis and City Planning, Wits. Data derived from UN Population Division INTRODUCTIOn 21
Page 1 and 2: State of south african cities Repor
Page 4 and 5: The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
Page 6 and 7: FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
Page 8 and 9: Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
Page 10 and 11: Overview: State of South African Ci
Page 12 and 13: CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
Page 17 and 18: State of Cities Reporting Over the
Page 19: Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
Page 23 and 24: LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
Page 25 and 26: Addressing these challenges require
Page 27 and 28: TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
Page 29 and 30: Key issues for South African cities
Page 31 and 32: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.8: Population change total
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
Page 37 and 38: Significant densification through b
Page 39 and 40: Increased densities and demand have
Page 41 and 42: Global networks versus domestic res
Page 43: Informed by five years of research
Page 46 and 47: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
Page 48 and 49: In cities, economic and social ineq
Page 50 and 51: Undesirable current spatial configu
Page 52 and 53: neighbouring municipalities are not
Page 54 and 55: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Page 56 and 57: Built environment investments not s
Page 58 and 59: The cost of fragmentation In additi
Page 60 and 61: associated land uses benefit all, n
Page 62 and 63: Local government is best placed to
Page 64 and 65: Competing land interests need to be
Page 66 and 67: PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
Page 68 and 69: The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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