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Spatial transformation needs responsive governance. Cities must take up their development role with the necessary fervour and focus. Getting service delivery basics right, improving operating systems and ensuring effective skills and capacity (which are all within the control of <strong>cities</strong>) are important in the short to medium term. However, the long-term spatial transformation requires dynamic, responsive, innovative interventions that address the location of poor black people on the periphery, improve mobility and access, and ensure that <strong>cities</strong> are inclusive, productive and sustainable. Roles need to be clear and aligned. Complete devolution has not been achieved across all the built environment functions, as only certain components of the transport and human settlements functions having been devolved. However, SPLUMA gives the local sphere full responsibility for municipal planning. Local government needs to coordinate, integrate and steer all interventions by all actors in the urban space, including provincial and national government, private developers and residents. At the very least, local governments can integrate their internal processes and ensure that new development applications are aligned to the city’s long-term spatial vision. Spatial transformation must be monitored differently from the way spatial interventions have been monitored to date. For example, instead of measuring outputs (e.g. the number of houses, title deeds, land parcels or buses delivered), indicators need to be developed to measure the spatial outcomes and changes to the urban experience. Some progress has been made in this regard, through the introduction of built environment performance plans (BEPPs) and spatial transformation indicators being developed by Treasury, as well as the ongoing spatial analyses of CSIR/StepSA in partnership with the SACN. This is not an easy process, but, without more effective measurement, it will be easy to revert to measuring outputs rather than long-term outcomes. 76 State of South African Cities Report 2016
Built Environment Integration Roadmap THE SCENARIOS Fragmented & uncoordinated BE functions at metro level Government and external role players coordinated & working together Marching to the piper’s tune Weak metro, dependent on national government and unable to respond to local needs Dancing to the same RHYTHM Strong, self-reliant metro with a coordinated, integrated BE approach supported by all stakeholders From where we are, metros can drive this shift using current rules and influence THE VISION A high quality and sustainable urban environment that is accessible, safe, stable, smart and vibrant, with a dynamic and ethical property market that enables livelihoods and economic participation and is home to a culturally diverse, tolerant and socially cohesive urban community. As systems align, metros participate in transition to where we want to be Integrated & coordinated BE functions at metro level 2 STATUS QUO Reinforced spatial patterns; fragmented, uncoordinated, short-sighted developments; metro dependent on national government and unresponsive to local needs Singing from different song sheets All role players operate in silos, heavy reliance on national fiscus and metro unable to respond to local needs Beating their own drum Strong, self-reliant metro but no intergovernmental coherence, resulting in lack of real impact on the ground Government and external role players disjointed & isolated METROS CAN TAKE RESPONSIBILITY HERE • BE products & services (aligned transformation plans & IGR) • BE systems & processes (strengthen metro voice & influence) • BE skills & capacity (audit BE skills & performance management) • Financial viability & sustainability (reform financial systems & seeks economies of scale) • Credibility & visibility of BE disciplines (buy-in to integrated, inter-disciplinary approaches) THE SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOUTH AFRICA’S CITIES 77
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
Page 25 and 26: Addressing these challenges require
Page 27 and 28: TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
Page 29 and 30: Key issues for South African cities
Page 31 and 32: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.8: Population change total
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
Page 37 and 38: Significant densification through b
Page 39 and 40: Increased densities and demand have
Page 41 and 42: Global networks versus domestic res
Page 43: Informed by five years of research
Page 46 and 47: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
Page 48 and 49: In cities, economic and social ineq
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Page 52 and 53: neighbouring municipalities are not
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Page 56 and 57: Built environment investments not s
Page 58 and 59: The cost of fragmentation In additi
Page 60 and 61: associated land uses benefit all, n
Page 62 and 63: Local government is best placed to
Page 64 and 65: Competing land interests need to be
Page 66 and 67: PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
Page 68 and 69: The 2011 State of South African Cit
Page 70 and 71: The most recent National Household
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
Page 74 and 75: SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
Page 78 and 79: What is Required to Transform South
Page 80 and 81: Transformation of management and ca
Page 83 and 84: PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
Page 85 and 86: Introduction South Africa is headin
Page 87 and 88: Congestion and pressure on resource
Page 89 and 90: transportation networks. Land-use p
Page 91 and 92: strategies in separate silos, with
Page 93 and 94: The Economic Role and Performance o
Page 95 and 96: • Johannesburg is South Africa’
Page 97 and 98: Nevertheless, recent economic fores
Page 99 and 100: • In the last five years, Tshwane
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
Page 103 and 104: Over the last 10 years, at a sector
Page 105 and 106: There is a marked correlation betwe
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
Page 111 and 112: development role set out in the 199
Page 113 and 114: Table 3.3: Key economic development
Page 115 and 116: • eThekwini has an active economi
Page 117 and 118: Both types of township are low-inco
Page 119 and 120: Informal economy and self-employmen
Page 121 and 122: South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
Page 123: PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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