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Renewable energy Small-scale, local renewable energy generation is becoming increasingly financially and technically viable (SEA, 2015). The Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) has accelerated the shift to photovoltaic (PV), wind, as well as landfill, wastewater and biogas-to-electricity projects. In 2014, municipal-led or supported local renewable energy development was at 67,647MWh/year from zero installations in 2005 (SEA, 2015). This is a significant effort that needs increased support from national government. PV projects: In 2012, Ekurhuleni installed 200 kWp of solar PV plant from 860 solar panels, with plans to scale up to 600kWp, while in 2014, Cape Town installed 167 kWp of rooftop PV panels, with 90 kWp planned for installation by June 2016. eThekwini has developed a Solar City Framework to promote the local manufacturing of PV technology and its uptake in residential and commercial properties. The output of this framework is an online solar map that can be used to quantify solar potential before further investment. There are also plans to install 150 kWp on municipal buildings. Wind power: The wind farm in Darling, Cape Town, offers 5.2 MW of installed capacity, while in Nelson Mandela Bay, the 1.8 MW Coega wind farm is being developed and privately supported by a municipal Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) and wheeling agreement. Landfill gas to electricity: The largest plant is in eThekwini, where the Bisasar Road produces 7 MW per year from landfill gas. Johannesburg is planning to generate 18.6 MW from its five landfill sites, while Ekurhuleni and Buffalo City continue to flare as feasibility studies are undertaken. Wastewater gas to electricity: Johannesburg’s Northern Water Works Treatment Plant has plans to ramp up production to 4.5 MW. Waste to electricity: Tshwane’s Bronkhorstspruit facility currently produces 3 MW with expected full capacity of 4.5 MW. Micro-hydro: Cape Town has 2 775 kW installed capacity at the Wemmershoek, Blackheath, Faure and Steenbras water treatment plant facilities (SEA, 2015). Energy efficiency At the national level, energy efficiency and fuel switching remain under-exploited despite their benefits for job creation, financial savings and enhanced energy security. Cities can lead the way and, in so doing, will not only save money, but also encourage the residential, commercial and industrial sectors to follow suit. Payback times are often reasonable and large savings can be achieved by retrofitting streetlights, traffic lights, water pumps and buildings with technologies that are more efficient. 168 State of South African Cities Report 2016
Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy consumption per sector (GJ/a) in a city Baseline energy consumption (GJ/a) Buildings & facilities 35% 31% Street lighting Traffic lighting 17% 16% Water supply & wastewater treatment Vehicle fleet (petrol & diesel) 1% Source: SACN (2014a) As can be seen in Figure 5.3 there is significant energy consumption in <strong>cities</strong> and so the potential enduse savings are considerable: 39% from the municipal fleet, 29% from the water supply and wastewater sector, 18% from buildings and facilities and 14% from street lighting (SACN, 2014a). If the full potential of energy savings were captured, the result would be a significant reduction in carbon emissions across the sectors (Figure 5.4). It should be noted that in the case of the municipal fleet, the potential is higher for energy saving (39%) than for emission reduction (14%). This is because liquid fuels have a lower carbon content than electricity. Figure 5.4: Potential energy savings and carbon emissions reductions per sector/annum 5 Potential energy savings per sector (GJ/a) Potential carbon emission reductions (tCO 2 e/a) Buildings & facilities 39% 29% 18% 14% 0% 41% 14% 25% 0% 20% Street lighting Traffic lighting Water supply & wastewater treatment Vehicle fleet (petrol & diesel) Source: SACN (2014a) SUSTAINABLE CITIES 169
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
Page 117 and 118: Both types of township are low-inco
Page 119 and 120: Informal economy and self-employmen
Page 121 and 122: South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
Page 123: PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
Page 126 and 127: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
Page 128 and 129: Andile’s story This is based on a
Page 130 and 131: of that ward participate in making
Page 132 and 133: Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
Page 134 and 135: These service delivery gains have c
Page 136 and 137: YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
Page 138 and 139: However, when the NWAC is superimpo
Page 140 and 141: Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
Page 142 and 143: As mentioned, urban integration is
Page 144 and 145: Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
Page 146 and 147: Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
Page 148 and 149: Urban safety South Africa’s citie
Page 150 and 151: City’s unemployment rate is about
Page 152 and 153: Collective violence 7 Two main dime
Page 154 and 155: Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
Page 156 and 157: Furthermore, citizen education and
Page 158 and 159: South Africa requires a spatial pol
Page 161 and 162: SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
Page 163 and 164: Introduction Since 1994, the govern
Page 165 and 166: will need to have low-emissions gro
Page 167: Most of South Africa’s energy con
Page 171 and 172: • Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
Page 173 and 174: WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
Page 175 and 176: 500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
Page 177 and 178: facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
Page 181 and 182: As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
Page 183 and 184: Accelerating the transition to sust
Page 185 and 186: disadvantaged groups, through facil
Page 187 and 188: Accelerating the transition to food
Page 189 and 190: Biodiversity South Africa is the th
Page 191 and 192: Open spaces Ecological and social o
Page 193 and 194: in the city and in their homes then
Page 195 and 196: Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
Page 197 and 198: Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
Page 199: Recommendations Develop and embed a
Page 202 and 203: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
Page 204 and 205: informal political and social cultu
Page 206 and 207: Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
Page 208 and 209: While these dynamics are critical a
Page 210 and 211: Blurred intergovernmental responsib
Page 212 and 213: Access to information As many ward
Page 214 and 215: Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
Page 216 and 217: COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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