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Local government is best placed to achieve spatial transformation The developmental mandate of local government is enshrined in the Constitution and the White Paper on Local Government: “local government is committed to working with citizens and groups within the communities to find sustainable ways to meet their social, economic and material needs and to improve the quality of their lives” (Powell, 2012: 15). Local government is expected to be the redistributive, transformative sphere of government closest to the people (Powell, 2012). Local government’s challenge is to fulfil its development mandate, while being expected to do more with less financial and personnel resources, and, at the same time, to build and maintain the capacity and skills required for transformative delivery (Powell, 2012). The idea that local government is best placed to serve residents and drive transformation is not disputed. Yet local government’s ability to implement national policy objectives is of concern because of certain challenges. They include the need for institutional reform, corruption, political interference, inefficient financial management and a lack of capacity development (Powell, 2012). Yet, according to the Community Law Centre, “fears around a lack of capacity, fragmentation of services and standards are largely overstated as the devolution of powers and functions to local government do not minimise the already existing, substantial oversight powers of national and provincial government” (CLC, 2007: 5). Local government needs to be given the opportunity to develop the necessary capacity and capability to deliver effectively on these functions (ibid). Local government should be the navigator and facilitator of transformative development. It is within its mandate, scope and control to develop more integrated delivery driven by adequate planning. This means devising the vision, strategic plans and implementation frameworks that will result in the desirable city discussed earlier. Local government also needs to regulate and incentivise better cooperation between urban stakeholders and actors, and establish more meaningful partnerships with private sector agencies, communities and civil society organisations. Navigating and steering the local agenda is possible (particularly with a strengthened planning function) but requires that local government is given the responsibility for additional key functions that shape the urban environment (e.g. human settlements and public transport). Built Environment Performance of South Africa’s Cities The built environment consists of three main elements: land, settlements (i.e. physical buildings, infrastructure and services) and mobility systems (transport). Understanding and transforming these three elements can contribute towards changing how cities function spatially, thereby encouraging greater economic efficiency, social inclusion and environmental sustainability. Land Land underpins all human activity and has very deep emotional, cultural and political significance, which is why addressing the land issue in South Africa has always been fraught with tension. The land restitution programme has recently been reopened to address the current frustration and disillusionment with the 62 State of South African Cities Report 2016
process by land claimants who have yet to receive compensation or redress for their claims. 11 Frustration at the slow pace of transformation has resulted in land invasions and demands to access land. Urban land reform is crucial, as cities cannot continue to locate poor people on the periphery or allow developments that are contrary to the state’s transformation agenda. The control of valuable, viable urban land cannot (and should not) be left only to the market to determine. However, land is a commodity and asset, and the vested interests and rights of those who currently own land are already entrenched. Therefore, it is important to determine the kinds of interventions that would be appropriate for ultimately transforming space in South African cities. 2 Urban land constitutes the bulk of urban land claims (Atuahene, 2014), but urban land reform has not been fully resolved because of the difficulty in addressing the economic, political and social vested interests in urban land. Examples of such interests include, for instance, contestation over land claims where the land value has significantly increased, and tension between where people are located and where areas of opportunity are found. Another obstacle is the development model, which has often led to gentrification that excludes lower-income or vulnerable groupings. Private and public sector developments should both seek to achieve the desired inclusive spatial form. State-owned land needs to be used more effectively and efficiently, which will require better coordination of the different spheres of government and their agencies to ensure land is made available for inclusive development. The prevailing perspective is that urban land is primarily an economic asset and a resource. However, given the socioeconomic disparities in the country, a broader definition of land is needed that encompasses the concept of land as a social good (Brown-Luthango, 2015), i.e. that land should benefit not just the individual but also the broader community. A case in point is a recent claim by the descendants of Chief Tshwane 12 (after whom the City of Tshwane was named) that covers portions of the central business district, the area where the Union Buildings is located and vast tracts of valuable land around the city – land estimated to be worth billions. Fair compensation for legitimate land claims will have to be balanced with the city’s strategic growth path and with existing uses and stakeholders. For example, land claims may be resolved by agreeing to an arrangement between current landowners and land claimants to a share of the revenue from that land. Alternatively, the land could be developed in a way that contributes towards the broader social good, for example, using it for public and recreational space. Critical issues to consider The politics of land need to be understood and navigated, but “symbolically, land remains an unresolved political question because of property privilege heavily skewed in favour of continued accumulation by whites” (Mkhize, 2015: 1). Determining who owns what land should be an important priority. The black middle class may have grown, but the reality is that land ownership remains out of reach for the majority of black South Africans. 11 http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/agriculture/2014/07/01/government-to-reopen-land-claims-process 12 http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/600dbe80478ea7798823ee42d945d4b0/Government-to-finalise-land-claims-policy-in-2015-20150307 THE SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOUTH AFRICA’S CITIES 63
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
Page 12 and 13: CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
Page 17 and 18: State of Cities Reporting Over the
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
Page 21 and 22: The consequence of this rapid urban
Page 23 and 24: LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
Page 25 and 26: Addressing these challenges require
Page 27 and 28: TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
Page 29 and 30: Key issues for South African cities
Page 31 and 32: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.8: Population change total
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
Page 37 and 38: Significant densification through b
Page 39 and 40: Increased densities and demand have
Page 41 and 42: Global networks versus domestic res
Page 43: Informed by five years of research
Page 46 and 47: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
Page 48 and 49: In cities, economic and social ineq
Page 50 and 51: Undesirable current spatial configu
Page 52 and 53: neighbouring municipalities are not
Page 54 and 55: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Page 56 and 57: Built environment investments not s
Page 58 and 59: The cost of fragmentation In additi
Page 60 and 61: associated land uses benefit all, n
Page 64 and 65: Competing land interests need to be
Page 66 and 67: PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
Page 68 and 69: The 2011 State of South African Cit
Page 70 and 71: The most recent National Household
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
Page 74 and 75: SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
Page 76 and 77: Spatial transformation needs respon
Page 78 and 79: What is Required to Transform South
Page 80 and 81: Transformation of management and ca
Page 83 and 84: PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
Page 85 and 86: Introduction South Africa is headin
Page 87 and 88: Congestion and pressure on resource
Page 89 and 90: transportation networks. Land-use p
Page 91 and 92: strategies in separate silos, with
Page 93 and 94: The Economic Role and Performance o
Page 95 and 96: • Johannesburg is South Africa’
Page 97 and 98: Nevertheless, recent economic fores
Page 99 and 100: • In the last five years, Tshwane
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
Page 103 and 104: Over the last 10 years, at a sector
Page 105 and 106: There is a marked correlation betwe
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
Page 111 and 112: development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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