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People and Households Size of city Population density in 2011 2 696 people per km 2 The population of Johannesburg has doubled between 2001 and 2011. Fewer people are living in more houses which means the City has to provide infrastructure at a rate faster than the city is growing. Growth Population No. households people Average per number household of 2011 1 644 km 2 Dwelling types 2011 4 434 827 1 434 856 2001 3 226 055 1 006 910 1996 2 597 282 732 845 3.09 3.20 3.54 2001 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Informal Formal Traditional Go to StepSA.org to see maps on how population density changes across the city. 0.8 Social Fabric Joburg has made progress in reducing poverty and improving livelihoods, but inequality remains a challenge. Human development index (HDI) Life expectancy 63.3 61.7 SUSTAINABILITY Liquid petroleum/gas 0.1% Heavy furnace oil 0.1% Paraffin 0.1% Sources of fuel 2011 Coal 2.8% Diesel 14.8% Jet fuel & avgas 14.7% 2011 Electricity 33.5% 0.7 Literacy Petrol 33.9% 0.6 1996 2001 2011 2013 HDI is a composite of life expectancy, literacy and gross value added (GVA) 92% GVA R515.72 billions GJ (millions) per year 200 100 0 2004 2007 2011 Energy consumption 130.9 142.6 175.7 Joburg is a resource-intensive city and consumes the largest amount of electricity of any city in South Africa. Highest education level 2011 Matric level 28.7% 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Gini coefficient (inequality measure) 2011 2013 Higher education 14.6% Levels of poverty very high inequality Number of people living below the poverty line 2011 29% Urban safety is important for a city’s social fabric; go to SCODA to access urban safety data for Joburg.. 2013 21% of total population Change in energy intensity 2007–2011 -7 522.2 Residential 5 248.9 Commercial -6 722.4 Industrial 24 996.6 Transport 2.1 Government -205.6 Agriculture -8 000 -6 000 -4 000 -2 000 0 2 000 4 000 20 000 30 000 Units of energy in GJ Energy intensity: the amount of energy used for producing goods and services. Emissions: top three sectors in 2015 100% 73.8% 0% 20.8% 22.4% 30.6% Residential Industrial Transport Non revenue water 29% 25% 2007 2014 Non revenue water is water that is “lost” before it reaches the customer, either physically (leaks) or apparently (e.g. theft, not billed) City of JOHANNESBURG – State of Cities Report 2016 Dashboard Indicators
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANCE economy Municipal revenue sources Affordability of municipal bills for type A households (municipal bill as % of benchmark income) 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% R-billions Gross value added (GVA) Own revenue Equitable share Grants Type A is a household that lives in a property with an assessed value of R100,000, consumes 400 kWh of electricity and 20 kl of water per month, and has a 240 litre bin removed weekly. Its monthly income is R6 742. Average household income Between 2001 and 2011, the average household income in Joburg doubled, but the cost of living also increased significantly 2001 2011 600 400 200 0 9.6% 8.9% 6.9% 9.0% 81.5% 84.1% 2008/09 2013/14 18.1% 16.8% 2010 2014 R89 728 Affordability 1996 2001 2011 2013 R183 247 2011 R103 204 National household income 0 40 000 80 000 120 000 160 000 200 000 Rands Cost of living (based on a bundle of goods) R80.40 R93.20 R107.80 Service Delivery INFRASTRUCTURE ICT infrastructure 2011 Percentage of population with connections 21.2% Fixed-landline telephone 94.4% Mobile telephone 2013 2003 2010 90.7% of households have access to piped water inside dwelling/yard 2010 95.9% 2013 90.5% 49.6% Internet connections 2013 96.8% of households have refuse removed by municipality (weekly or less frequently) 2010 97.8% Repairs and maintenance % of operating expenditure 2.3% 2009 Mode of transport to work Joburg remains a car-captive society, and public transport investment is a priority. Other transport modes 2013 98.5% of households have access to sanitation services* * includes access to flush toilets, VIPs and pit toilets Most households now have access to basic services and the city is expanding its network of ICT infrastructure. 3.2% 2014 National Treasury recommends 8–10% of operating expenditure 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Train Bus TAXI Taxi Car Walk 2008 2011 2014 Unemployment rate Average unemployment rate 37% 25% 2001 2011 Provincial average unemployment rate 26.3% 2011 The economy is growing rapidly, but unemployment remains a challenge and living in the city is becoming increasing unaffordable for many. Citizen Engagement 40% Voter registration/turnout Local election National election 55% 74% 2006 2011 2014 Voter turnout at local elections is significantly lower than at national elections, and yet local government is closest to citizens.
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
Page 294 and 295: MILE’s strategic objectives are:
Page 296 and 297: Public participation should be the
Page 298 and 299: The implementation of CBP through t
Page 300 and 301: According to Cloete (2015) a partne
Page 302 and 303: The chapters in this State of Citie
Page 304 and 305: Overall Recommendations Urban space
Page 306 and 307: Ensuring city transformation throug
Page 308 and 309: Roadmap to the city dashboards All
Page 311 and 312: Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
Page 313 and 314: CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
Page 315 and 316: Overview of flagship programme The
Page 317: Reflections While the development o
Page 320 and 321: People and Households Size of city
Page 322 and 323: Design Capital Introduction Cities
Page 324 and 325: Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
Page 327 and 328: City of Ekurhuleni @moography
Page 329 and 330: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
Page 331 and 332: Overview of flagship programme Situ
Page 333: the corporate structure and governa
Page 338 and 339: Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
Page 340 and 341: Go!Durban will include new railways
Page 343: City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
Page 347 and 348: Overview of flagship programme The
Page 349: However, the success of the Corrido
Page 354 and 355: Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
Page 356 and 357: In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Page 361 and 362: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
Page 363 and 364: important tourist sites, there have
Page 365: In addition, the PURP includes the
Page 370 and 371: Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
Page 372 and 373: A number of other projects have tak
Page 375 and 376: City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
Page 377 and 378: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
Page 379 and 380: Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
Page 381: The coverage map below shows the pl
Page 384 and 385: Introduction A key part of the deve
Page 386 and 387: These indicators were evaluated on
Page 388 and 389: SCODA is a partnership between citi
Page 390 and 391: Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
Page 392 and 393: Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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