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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. and Marconi G. 2006. International migration, diversity and urban governance in <strong>cities</strong> of the South. Habitat International. 30, 706–715. Buntu B and Lehmann S. 2015. Youth Policy Field and Institutional Analyses at Municipal Level in South Africa. SACN and GIZ. COCT (City of Cape Town). 2006. Migration study in Monwabisi Park (Endlovini), Khayelitsha. Report prepared by Nontembeko Poswa and Rasmus levy, Strategic Information Branch, 7 December 2006. COCT. 2010. Cape Town Public Space Quality Public Spaces Programme Evaluation: Recommendations Report No.004. Cape Town. Prepared by NM and Associates Planners and Designers. City of Durban. 2000. Safer City Strategy. Durban: eThekwini Municipality. Cross C. 2011. Access to the Urban Core for the Rural Poor: Migration, Housing, Transport and Poverty Settlement. Framing migration as the anvil of change. Paper presented at DST Scientific Workshop, Mafikeng. Cross C. 2010. Shack Settlements as Entry to the Labour Market. Paper presented to the ULM Conference. CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research). 2015. Indicators prepared in support of State of the Cities Report 2016: access to good basic services, Gini coefficient, income change and racial integration. Pretoria: CSIR Built Environment. Dirsuweit T. 2006. Security, Citizenship and Governance: An Introduction, Urban Forum. 17: 295–300. DoT (Department of Transport). 1996. White Paper on National Transport Policy, 1996). Pretoria: Government Printers. Drimie S and Pieterse E. 2013. Social empowerment and inclusion. Background Paper for COGTA (Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs) as input into the Integrated Urban Development Framework: Discussion Document. Ewing, K. 2015. Violence prevention through urban upgrading: approach to reclaiming the public realm. Architecture SA, Issue 71. FFC (Financial and Fiscal Commission). 2011. The Economic and Fiscal Costs of Inefficient Land Use Patterns in South Africa. PDG, SBC and ACC. Gorgens T and van Donk M. 2011. From basic needs towards socio-spatial transformation: coming to grips with the ‘Right to the City’ for the urban poor in South Africa. Cubes Conference Paper, Isandla Institute. Gorgens T, Masiko-Kambala P and van Donk M. 2013. Active Citizenship Matters: Perspectives from Civil Society on Local Governance in South Africa. Cape Town: Good Governance Learning Network and Isandla Institute. Gotsch P, Katsaura O, Ugur L and Kasang N. 2013. An urban approach to safety and integrated urban development in South Africa: knowledge and policy review. Unpublished Background Paper for COGTA (Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs) as input into the Integrated Urban Development Framework: Discussion Document. Gouverneur D. 2014. Planning and Design for Future Informal Settlements. Shaping the Self-constructed City. London and New York: Routledge. Hamnett C. 1984. Gentrification and residential location theory: a review and assessment. In Herbert D and Johnston RJ (eds.) Geography and the Urban Environment. London: John Wiley, pp. 283–320. Harrison P and Todes A. 2013. Spatial considerations in the development of urban policy in South Africa: Unpublished Background Paper for COGTA (Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs) as input into the Integrated Urban Development Framework: Discussion Document. Harvey D. 2008. The Right to the City. New Left Review, 53: 23–40. Kane L. 2006. Transport problems associated with poverty in South Africa. Transport problems associated with poverty. Conference on Findings of the National Household Travel Survey. Pretoria, 22 March 2006 Le Roux A and Naude A. 2014. CSIR Regional Dynamics and Interactions Analyses Note: Social Vulnerability – Locating South Africa’s vulnerable people. Pretoria: CSIR. Lewis L, Ochola P, Singh K and Dlamini T. 2014. Experiences from the African Continent to improve Community Based Planning: Participatory Planning Approaches in Diverse Politico-Administrative Contexts. Johannesburg: SACN and Khanya-aicdd. 408 State of South African Cities Report 2016
Mathivet, C. 2010. The Right to the City: Keys to Understanding the Proposal for “Another City is Possible”. In A. Sugranyes and C. Mathivet (eds.), Cities for All: Proposals and Experiences towards the Right to the City, (pp. 21–27). Santiago: Habitat International Coalition (HIC). Mkhize N. 2015. The politics of urban land and ownership. In SACN. 2015. The Urban Land Paper Series, Vol. 1. Johannesburg: SACN. Ngobese S. 2016. Yeoville: challenges, opportunities and emerging urbanities. Unpublished paper. Noble M and Wright G. 2013. Using indicators of multiple deprivation to demonstrate the spatial legacy of apartheid in South Africa. Social Indicators Research,–112(1). NPC (National Planning Commission). 2011. National Development Plan – Vision for 2030. Pretoria: NPC. Pinto AJ, Remesar A, Brandão P and Nunes da Silva, F. 2010. Planning public spaces networks towards urban cohesion. Paper presented at Sustainable City/Developing World, 46th ISOCARP (International Society of City and Regional Planners) Congress, Nairobi, Kenya, 19–23 September 2010, pp. 1–12. Powell DM, O’Donovan M. and de Visser J. 2014. Civic Protests Barometer 2007–2014. Cape Town: MLGI. SACN (South African Cities Network). 2008. Inclusive Cities: Annual Report. Johannesburg: SACN. SACN. 2011. State of Cities Report – Towards Resilient Cities. Johannesburg: SACN. SACN. 2014a. Migration, Mobility and Urban Vulnerabilities. Implications for Urban Governance in South Africa. Johannesburg: SACN. SACN. 2014b. The Informal City Reader (South Africa Edition). Johannesburg: SACN. SACN. 2014c. SACN studies on Rural-Urban Linkages: Social Value Chains. Third Draft Report to SACN, 02 August 2014. Johannesburg: SACN. SACN. 2015a. Urban Safety Indicators Report – Draft for comment. Prepared for the SA Urban Safety Reference Group. Johannesburg: SACN. SACN. 2015b. Sustainable Cities: A consolidation of 2013/14–2014/15 research in the Sustainable Cities Portfolio. Johannesburg: SACN. SACN. 2016a. Are increased budgetary allocations for crime fighting and crime prevention effective investments, and how? Urban Safety Reference Group Policy Brief, No. 1 of 2016. Johannesburg: SACN. SACN. 2016b. Our Expanded Public Works Programme: Reflections over a decade. Johannesburg: SACN and National Department of Public Works. SACN. 2016c. Beyond Gentrification? Exploring mechanisms to mitigate the effects of gentrification. Johannesburg: SACN. Samara TR. 2011. Cape Town after Apartheid: Crime and Governance in the Divided City. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. Samuels Jane. 2005. Five Freedoms. In J. Samuels (Ed.), Removing Unfreedoms. Citizens as Agents of Change in Urban Development. Warwickshire: ITDG Publishing, pp 45–52. Satterthwaite D. 2015. The gap between our conception of urban poverty and its measurement. https:// devcooperation.org/2015/01/18/the-gapbetween-our-conception-of-urban-poverty-and-itsmeasurement/ Sen A. 1999. Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stats SA (Statistics South Africa). 2011. Census. Pretoria: Stats SA. StepSA. 2013. Data processed from IEC voter registration data. Data provided by the Independent Electoral Commission and processed by the CSIR and HSRC. Todes A. 2003. Housing, integrated urban development and the compact city. In Harrison P, Huchzmeyer M and Mayekiso M. (eds.). Confronting Fragmentation: Housing and Urban Development in a Democratising Society, (109–121). Cape Town: Juta, pp. 109–121. UN-Habitat. 2015. Draft Guidelines on Safer Cities. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-Habitat. Ureta S. 2008. To move or not to move? Social exclusion, accessibility and daily mobility among the low‐income population in Santiago, Chile, Mobilities, 3(2): 269–289. Venter C. 2012. 2011 Gauteng City Region Observatory Quality of Life Survey: Analysis of Transport Data. Report to the GCRO. Venter C. and Cross C. 2011. Location, mobility and access to work: A qualitative exploration in low-income settlements, Proceedings of the 30th Southern African Transport Conference, Pretoria, July 2011. references 409
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
Page 359 and 360: Msunduzi @natesvw
Page 361 and 362: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
Page 363 and 364: important tourist sites, there have
Page 365: In addition, the PURP includes the
Page 368 and 369: People and Households Size of city
Page 370 and 371: Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
Page 372 and 373: A number of other projects have tak
Page 375 and 376: City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
Page 377 and 378: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
Page 379 and 380: Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
Page 381: The coverage map below shows the pl
Page 384 and 385: Introduction A key part of the deve
Page 386 and 387: These indicators were evaluated on
Page 388 and 389: SCODA is a partnership between citi
Page 390 and 391: Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
Page 392 and 393: Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
Page 394 and 395: 2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
Page 396 and 397: Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
Page 398 and 399: FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
Page 400 and 401: . . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
Page 402 and 403: References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
Page 404 and 405: FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
Page 406 and 407: Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
Page 410 and 411: Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
Page 412 and 413: DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
Page 414 and 415: National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
Page 416: Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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