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People and Households Size of city Population density in 2011 1 502 people per km 2 Of all nine <strong>cities</strong>, eThekwini has the second highest average number of people per household (after Msunduzi) and a similar population density to that of Cape Town. Growth Dwelling types Population No. households Average number of people per household 2011 2011 3 442 361 956 713 3.60 2001 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 2001 3 090 122 786 746 1996 2 718 180 646 345 3.93 4.21 Informal Formal Traditional Go to StepSA.org to see maps on how population density changes across the city. 2 291 km 2 Non Social Fabric eThekwini is the only city apart from Msunduzi not to have improved its HDI between 1996 and 2013, and has the second lowest life expectancy (after Mangaung). Human development index (HDI) 0.7 Life expectancy 0.6 0.5 1996 2001 2011 2013 Matric level 24.1% HDI is a composite of life expectancy, literacy and gross value added (GVA) Highest education level 2011 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Gini coefficient (inequality measure) 2011 2013 Higher education 7.2% Levels of poverty very high inequality Number of people living below the poverty line 2001 40% 58.7 53.4 Literacy 88% GVA R316.1 billions Urban safety is important for a city’s social fabric; go to SCODA to access urban safety data for eThekwini. 2011 30% of total population GJ (millions) per year SUSTAINABILITY 200 100 0 Sources of fuel 2011 Jet fuel & avgas Energy consumption 2004 2007 2011 127.3 123.7 210.2 Change in energy intensity 2007–2011 1 954.0 Residential 1 302.2 Commercial 13 749.0 Industrial 69 524.3 Transport 2 012.2 Government Agriculture -8 000 -6 000 -4 000 -2 000 0 2 000 4 000 50 000 70 000 Units of energy in GJ Energy intensity: measures the amount of energy used to produce goods and services Emissions: top two sectors in 2015 100% 43.6% 0% Heavy furnace oil 1.3% Liquid petroleum/gas 3.9% 15.3% 28.3% 1.0% Paraffin 2.8% Coal 10.1% Residential Industrial revenue water Electricity 27.3% 2011 Diesel 29.9% Petrol 23.7% Energy consumption has increased significantly in recent years, mostly driven by the transport sector, which is also the largest contributor of greenhouse gases in the city. 33.5% 25% 2007 2014 Non revenue water is water that is “lost” before it reaches the customer, either physically (leaks) or apparently (e.g. theft, not billed). City of eThekwini – State of Cities Report 2016 Dashboard Indicators
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANCE economy Municipal revenue sources Affordability of municipal bills for type A households (municipal bill as % of benchmark income) 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% R-billions 2001 2011 600 400 200 0 10.1% 13.5% 7.4% 9.3% 76.3% 83.3% 2008/09 2013/14 13.5% 10.9% 2010 2014 R56 222 Affordability Gross value added (GVA) Own revenue Equitable share Grants Type A is a household that lives in a property with an assessed value of R100,000, consumes 400 kWh of electricity and 20 kl of water per month, and has a 240 litre bin removed weekly. Its monthly income is R6 742. 1996 2001 2011 2013 Average household income Between 2001 and 2011, eThekwini’s economy grew at a similar rate to that of Cape Town. R112 830 2011 R103 204 National household income 0 40 000 80 000 120 000 160 000 200 000 Rands Cost of living (based on a bundle of goods) R80.10 R92.40 R109.60 Service Delivery INFRASTRUCTURE ICT infrastructure 2011 Percentage of population with connections 26.9% Fixed-landline telephone 90.7% Mobile telephone 41.2% Internet connections Repairs and maintenance % of operating expenditure 11.7% 2009 Mode of transport to work Between 2003 and 2013, taxi usage increased but private car usage decreased. eThekwini is the only city whose expenditure on repairs and maintenance are within the National Treasury guidelines. 2013 2003 2010 78.1% of households have access to piped water inside dwelling/yard 2010 87.9% 2013 78.5% 2013 88.2% of households have refuse removed by municipality (weekly or less frequently) 2010 96.5% Other transport modes 2013 96.6% of households have access to sanitation services* * includes access to flush toilets, VIPs and pit toilets eThekwini has increased access to all basic services, but expanding access to water services in the rural outlying areas remains a challenge. 9.2% 2014 National Treasury recommends 8–10% of operating expenditure 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Train Bus TAXI Taxi Car Walk 2008 2011 2014 Unemployment rate Average unemployment rate 43% 30.2% 2001 2011 Provincial average unemployment rate 33% 2011 In 2011, eThekwini’s average unemployment rate was the highest of the five large metros but had decreased the most since 2001. Citizen Engagement 44% Voter registration/turnout Local election National election 59% 2006 2011 2014 Voter turnout at local elections has increased but remains significantly lower than at national elections. 74%
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
Page 286 and 287: Arguably, the primary constraint pr
Page 288 and 289: Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
Page 290 and 291: • Completing the National Framewo
Page 292 and 293: development agency) that took place
Page 294 and 295: MILE’s strategic objectives are:
Page 296 and 297: Public participation should be the
Page 298 and 299: The implementation of CBP through t
Page 300 and 301: According to Cloete (2015) a partne
Page 302 and 303: The chapters in this State of Citie
Page 304 and 305: Overall Recommendations Urban space
Page 306 and 307: Ensuring city transformation throug
Page 308 and 309: Roadmap to the city dashboards All
Page 311 and 312: Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
Page 313 and 314: CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
Page 315 and 316: Overview of flagship programme The
Page 317: Reflections While the development o
Page 320 and 321: People and Households Size of city
Page 322 and 323: Design Capital Introduction Cities
Page 324 and 325: Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
Page 327 and 328: City of Ekurhuleni @moography
Page 329 and 330: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
Page 331 and 332: Overview of flagship programme Situ
Page 333: the corporate structure and governa
Page 338 and 339: Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
Page 340 and 341: Go!Durban will include new railways
Page 343 and 344: City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
Page 347 and 348: Overview of flagship programme The
Page 349: However, the success of the Corrido
Page 354 and 355: Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
Page 356 and 357: In December 2012, the redevelopment
Page 359 and 360: Msunduzi @natesvw
Page 361 and 362: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
Page 363 and 364: important tourist sites, there have
Page 365: In addition, the PURP includes the
Page 370 and 371: Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
Page 372 and 373: A number of other projects have tak
Page 375 and 376: City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
Page 379 and 380: Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
Page 381: The coverage map below shows the pl
Page 384 and 385: Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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