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Over the past two decades, waste collection in the SACN member cities has improved significantly (Table 5.1). Table 5.1: Waste collection models in the cities Municipality Weekly refuse removal municipality (% of households) Weekly refuse removal municipality/ private sector (% of households) 2001 2011 2001 2011 Johannesburg 90.9 95.3 94.1 97.0 Cape Town 94.3 94.3 93.0 95.0 eThekwini 85.7 89.9 70.0 87.9 Ekurhuleni 87.9 88.4 88.8 89.4 Nelson Mandela Bay 86.1 82.9 93.5 91.5 Tshwane 75.2 80.2 76.1 82.0 Mangaung 60.0 78.9 66.7 83.1 Buffalo City 71.2 70.4 65.3 71.3 Msunduzi 59.5 53.2 No data No data Mangaung’s waste collection service increased by more than 10% between 2001 and 2011, while most cities have waste collection levels that are above the national average of 65%. In 2011, over 95% (97.3%) of households in Johannesburg had access to weekly refuse removal, compared to 59.5% in Msunduzi (SACN, 2014c). Despite this improvement, unless more progress is made, cities will be grappling with high volumes of waste in 2030 (se Figure 5.6). The Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) needs to allocate resources to and work closely with cities and the private sector to establish programmes and awareness-raising campaigns to address high volumes of waste. The NWMS expects cities to employ staff who can plan and establish waste separation and recycling facilities, and effectively communicate with communities about proper waste-management practices. Figure 5.6: Waste volumes disposed of at landfill sites per city Volume/ m 3 (Thousands) 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 City of Johannesburg Volume/ m 3 (Thousands) 2 000 1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 City of Cape Town 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 Year Year 3 500 eThekwini 2 500 Ekurhuleni 3 000 174 State of South African Cities Report 2016 2 500 housands) housands) 2 000
500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 Year Year 3 500 eThekwini 2 500 Ekurhuleni Volume/ m 3 (Thousands) 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 Volume/ m 3 (Thousands) 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 0 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 Year Year 800 Mangaung Waste volumes tonnages Waste recycled tonnages Volume/ m 3 (Thousands) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 5 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 Year Of particular concern is the alarmingly low level of recycling in cities. Figures 5.7, 5.8 and 5.9 provide a snapshot of recycling levels in 2013/14 in three cities: Cape Town, eThekwini and Ekurhuleni. While the progress in improving waste collection and exploration of various alternatives including waste to energy and integration of waste pickers are laudable, creative ways are needed in order to support a “reduce, re-use and recycle” (3Rs) mentality. SUSTAINABLE CITIES 175
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
Page 123: PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
Page 126 and 127: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
Page 128 and 129: Andile’s story This is based on a
Page 130 and 131: of that ward participate in making
Page 132 and 133: Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
Page 134 and 135: These service delivery gains have c
Page 136 and 137: YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
Page 138 and 139: However, when the NWAC is superimpo
Page 140 and 141: Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
Page 142 and 143: As mentioned, urban integration is
Page 144 and 145: Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
Page 146 and 147: Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
Page 148 and 149: Urban safety South Africa’s citie
Page 150 and 151: City’s unemployment rate is about
Page 152 and 153: Collective violence 7 Two main dime
Page 154 and 155: Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
Page 156 and 157: Furthermore, citizen education and
Page 158 and 159: South Africa requires a spatial pol
Page 161 and 162: SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
Page 163 and 164: Introduction Since 1994, the govern
Page 165 and 166: will need to have low-emissions gro
Page 167 and 168: Most of South Africa’s energy con
Page 169 and 170: Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
Page 171 and 172: • Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
Page 173: WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
Page 177 and 178: facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
Page 181 and 182: As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
Page 183 and 184: Accelerating the transition to sust
Page 185 and 186: disadvantaged groups, through facil
Page 187 and 188: Accelerating the transition to food
Page 189 and 190: Biodiversity South Africa is the th
Page 191 and 192: Open spaces Ecological and social o
Page 193 and 194: in the city and in their homes then
Page 195 and 196: Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
Page 197 and 198: Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
Page 199: Recommendations Develop and embed a
Page 202 and 203: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
Page 204 and 205: informal political and social cultu
Page 206 and 207: Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
Page 208 and 209: While these dynamics are critical a
Page 210 and 211: Blurred intergovernmental responsib
Page 212 and 213: Access to information As many ward
Page 214 and 215: Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
Page 216 and 217: COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
Page 218 and 219: The right people are not necessaril
Page 220 and 221: Local government will require new k
Page 222 and 223: All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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