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People and Households Size of city Population density in 2011 976 people per km 2 Of all nine cities, Msunduzi has the highest average number of people per household and the highest percentage of traditional dwellings. 634 km 2 Growth Population No. households Average number of people per household 2011 618 536 163 993 2001 552 837 130 292 1996 518 640 117 149 3.77 4.24 4.43 2011 2001 Informal Formal Traditional Dwelling types 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Go to StepSA.org to see maps on how population density changes across the city. 0.8 0.7 Social Fabric Msunduzi has the highest levels of poverty of all the cities. Human development index (HDI) Life expectancy 58.7 53.4 Literacy SUSTAINABILITY Heavy furnace oil 1.5% Liquid petroleum/gas 3.1% Sources of fuel 2011 Jet fuel & avgas 0.1% Paraffin 1.1% Diesel 27% 2011 Electricity 42.9% Petrol 24.4% 0.6 0.5 1996 2001 2011 2013 Matric level 20.9% 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 HDI is a composite of life expectancy, literacy and gross value added (GVA) Highest education level 2011 Gini coefficient (inequality measure) 2011 2013 Higher education 7.2% Levels of poverty very high inequality Number of people living below the poverty line 2001 48% 86% GVA R31.9 billions Urban safety is important for a city’s social fabric; go to SCODA to access urban safety data for Msunduzi. 2011 34% of total population GJ (millions) per year 50 25 0 2004 2007 2011 Energy consumption 20.6 16.5 14.7 Change in energy intensity 2007–2011 Emissions: top three sectors in 2015 100% 97.8% 21% Residential 23.9% Transport 52.9% Commercial 0% Commercial values would be far higher if coal were included. Non revenue water Msunduzi energy data excludes coal, which may have a substantial impact because coal represented as much as 50% of total energy in 2004. 1 525 Residential 3 982 Commercial -425 Industrial -207 Transport 60 Government No data available Agriculture -500 -375 -250 -125 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 Units of energy in GJ Energy intensity: measures the amount of energy used to produce goods and services 54.9% 63% 2007 2014 Non revenue water is water that is “lost” before it reaches the customer, either physically (leaks) or apparently (e.g. theft, not billed) Non-revenue water levels are the highest of all the cities, which is very concerning. Msunduzi – State of Cities Report 2016 Dashboard Indicators
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE economy Municipal revenue sources Own revenue Equitable share Grants Cost of living (based on a bundle of goods) R78.60 R92.20 R110.10 Service Delivery 9.1% 6.7% 10.1% 9.7% 0% 84.1% 80.1% 2008/09 2013/14 Affordability of municipal bills for type A households (municipal bill as % of benchmark income) 2010 56.8% 2013 54.6% 25% Type A is a household that lives 20% in a property with an assessed of households have refuse removed by 15% value of R100 000, consumes municipality (weekly or less frequently) Affordability 10% 400 kWh of electricity and 20 kl 5% of water per month, and has a 20.9% 22.8% 240 litre bin removed weekly. 0% 2010 2014 Its monthly income is R6 742. R-billions 2001 2011 100 80 60 40 20 0 Average household income Average household income has increased in Msunduzi, but municipal bills for Type A households are the least affordable of all nine cities. R50 178 Gross value added (GVA) 1996 2001 2011 2013 R108 926 2011 R103 204 National household income 0 40 000 80 000 120 000 160 000 200 000 Rands INFRASTRUCTURE ICT infrastructure 2011 Percentage of population with connections 21.8% Fixed-landline telephone 89.3% Mobile telephone 2013 2003 2010 84.1% 2013 84.9% of households have access to piped water inside dwelling/yard 38.2% Internet connections 2010 97.6% Repairs and maintenance % of operating expenditure 4.0% 2009 Mode of transport to work In Msunduzi, 8 out of 10 people use a taxi or a private vehicle to move around the city. 4.5% 2014 National Treasury recommends 8–10% of operating expenditure No data available for 2003 2013 98.1% of households have access to sanitation services* * includes access to flush toilets, VIPs and pit toilets Msunduzi’s low access to refuse services reflects the city’s high levels of informal and traditional housing. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Train Bus TAXI Taxi Car Walk “Other” transport modes are not included in the graph. 2008 2011 2014 Unemployment rate Average unemployment rate 48.2% 33% 2001 2011 Provincial average unemployment rate 33% 2011 The economy is growing, but unemployment is extremely high and the cost of living has increased significantly. Citizen Engagement 48% Voter registration/turnout Local election National election 62% 74% 2006 2011 2014 Between 2006 and 2011, Msunduzi had the highest increase in voter turnout at local elections of all the cities.
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Page 313 and 314: CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
Page 315 and 316: Overview of flagship programme The
Page 317: Reflections While the development o
Page 320 and 321: People and Households Size of city
Page 322 and 323: Design Capital Introduction Cities
Page 324 and 325: Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
Page 327 and 328: City of Ekurhuleni @moography
Page 329 and 330: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
Page 331 and 332: Overview of flagship programme Situ
Page 333: the corporate structure and governa
Page 338 and 339: Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
Page 340 and 341: Go!Durban will include new railways
Page 343 and 344: City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
Page 347 and 348: Overview of flagship programme The
Page 349: However, the success of the Corrido
Page 354 and 355: Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
Page 356 and 357: In December 2012, the redevelopment
Page 359: Msunduzi @natesvw
Page 363 and 364: important tourist sites, there have
Page 365: In addition, the PURP includes the
Page 370 and 371: Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
Page 372 and 373: A number of other projects have tak
Page 375 and 376: City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
Page 379 and 380: Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
Page 381: The coverage map below shows the pl
Page 384 and 385: Introduction A key part of the deve
Page 386 and 387: These indicators were evaluated on
Page 388 and 389: SCODA is a partnership between citi
Page 390 and 391: Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
Page 392 and 393: Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
Page 394 and 395: 2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
Page 396 and 397: Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
Page 398 and 399: FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
Page 400 and 401: . . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
Page 402 and 403: References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
Page 404 and 405: FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
Page 406 and 407: Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
Page 408 and 409: References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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