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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! URBAN FOOTPRINT: Highlighting the changes in city footprints Since 1994, South Africa’s largest cities have experienced substantial growth, as more residents settle in cities in search of employment opportunities, services, etc. Cities are under pressure, especially to contain sprawl, and their urban edges do not remain constant. The significant physical (outward) expansion of city footprints is illustrated in Figures 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, which compare the “built-up” and “settlement” categories in the 1990 and 2013/14 national land-covers. Figure 2.1: Cape Town: Change in built-up/urban footprint (1990–2013) City of Cape Town: Change in Built Up/Urban footprint 1990 - 2013. Legend Mamre Roads Witzenberg Province Pella Swartland Atlantis Main place name 1990 Settlement Breede Valley categories Philadelphia Drakenstein 2013 Built Up/ Urban extent Melkbosstrand Klipheuwel indicating growth 10 km distance from centre Blouberg Durbanville Robben Island City of Cape Town Kraaifontein Milnerton Parow Bellville Brackenfell Western Cape ! Epping Industria Elsies Rivier Belhar Blackheath Athlone Stellenbosch Delft Cape Town Gugulethu Mfuleni Eerste Rivier Hout Bay Philippi Khayelitsha Macassar Mitchells Plain Somerset West Muizenberg Kommetjie Cape Town Metro Rural Fish Hoek Gordons Bay Simon's Town Castle Rock Smitswinkelbaai Overstrand Kilometers 0 5 10 20 30 40 Figure 2.2: eThekwini: Change in built-up/urban footprint (1990–2013) Legend Roads KwaDukuza Province Ndwedwe Main place name Hambanathi 1990 Settlement Inkangala categories Cibane Gunjini Hazelmere Westbrook La Mercy 2013 Built Up/ Imbozamo Mgandeni Mount Moreland Urban extent Qhodela Mgangeni Verulam indicating Denge growth Umdloti Sithumba Matabetule Inanda Blackburn 10 km Cato distance Ridge Phoenix from centre KwaSondela Waterfall Thusumuntu Ntuzuma Umhlanga The Msunduzi Kamba Everton KwaMashu Cliffdale Hillcrest KwaDabeka Durban North eThekwini Kloof Mophela Gillitts Newlands West Pinetown Westville Durban Berea Queensburgh Westridge Olwambeni Richmond Clifton Heights Chatsworth Bluff Ehlanzeni Durban South Mkhambathini Umbumbulu Esidweni Madundube Umlazi Isipingo Nungwane Lotus Park Adams Rural Iziko Amanzimtoti Illovo North Illovo South Kingsburgh Umnini Vulamehlo Danganya Clansthal Craigieburn Umkomaas Palmcliffe Umdoni Kilometers 0 5 10 20 30 54 State of South African Cities Report 2016
Figure 2.3: Tshwane, Ekurhuleni and Johannesburg: Change in built-up/urban footprint (1990–2013) Legend Roads Province Limpopo Limpopo Main place name 1990 Settlement Kekana Garden categories North West Winterveld Hammanskraal 2013 Built Up/ Bultfontein Urban extent Mabopane Grootvlei indicating growth Hebron Vastfontein GaRankuwa Wallmannsthal 10 km distance Roodeplaat Doornkraal from centre Akasia Bon Accord Thembisile Cullinan City of Tshwane Eersterust Rayton Ekangala Laudium Mamelodi Cheetah Park Pretoria Mooiplaas Vaalbank Roodepoort Centurion Boschkop Olievenhoutbos Rietfontein Kameelkraal Malatjie Diepsloot Centurion Bronkhorstspruit Gauteng Midrand Kya Sand Tembisa Bapsfontein Rietfontein Sandton Kempton Park Mpumalanga Roodepoort Alexandra Etwatwa Randburg Edenvale Benoni Breswol City of Johannesburg Johannesburg Ekurhuleni Holfontein Randfontein Germiston Gugulethu Soweto Boksburg Springs Brakpan City of Johannesburg NU Alberton Lehae Tokoza Langaville Kwa-Thema Lawley Duduza Nigel Ennerdale Katlehong Cerutiville Orange Farm Lakeside 0 5 10 20 30 Kilometers 40 2 The red areas indicate how city footprints have changed between 1990 and 2013 (also showing 10 km distance bands from the city CBDs). Cities are under pressure to develop land on the fringes of cities, which, in turn, requires substantial infrastructure investments. In these ever-expanding cities, one of the most difficult services to provide is public transport, especially when (as in most South African cities) low-income residents live on the fringes of the cities, far removed from most employment opportunities. Conflicting interests and lobby groups • Powerful lobby groups (informed by the economics of cities, politics and vested interests) unduly influence decisions in cities, often outside existing governance frameworks. • The increase of gated estates in affluent communities as a result of the economic muscle and influence of homeowner and property associations, instead of more mixed-income housing and public open spaces. • Constant pressures and demands on government from poor communities who are most affected by unequal and unjust spatial configurations. Good location has not translated into improved livelihoods • A perfect example is that of Alexandra in Johannesburg where the well-located township has not translated into vastly improved livelihood prospects for its residents. • Being located next to the Sandton economic hub has done little for Alexandra residents’ power to change, influence or participate in the city. • Un- and under-employment, as well as poor infrastructure, facilities and services, all contribute towards sustaining depressed conditions with relatively few opportunities and limited access to resources. THE SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOUTH AFRICA’S CITIES 55
Page 1 and 2:
State of south african cities Repor
Page 4 and 5: The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
Page 6 and 7: FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
Page 8 and 9: Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
Page 10 and 11: Overview: State of South African Ci
Page 12 and 13: CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
Page 17 and 18: State of Cities Reporting Over the
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
Page 21 and 22: The consequence of this rapid urban
Page 23 and 24: LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
Page 25 and 26: Addressing these challenges require
Page 27 and 28: TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
Page 29 and 30: Key issues for South African cities
Page 31 and 32: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.8: Population change total
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
Page 37 and 38: Significant densification through b
Page 39 and 40: Increased densities and demand have
Page 41 and 42: Global networks versus domestic res
Page 43: Informed by five years of research
Page 46 and 47: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
Page 48 and 49: In cities, economic and social ineq
Page 50 and 51: Undesirable current spatial configu
Page 52 and 53: neighbouring municipalities are not
Page 56 and 57: Built environment investments not s
Page 58 and 59: The cost of fragmentation In additi
Page 60 and 61: associated land uses benefit all, n
Page 62 and 63: Local government is best placed to
Page 64 and 65: Competing land interests need to be
Page 66 and 67: PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
Page 68 and 69: The 2011 State of South African Cit
Page 70 and 71: The most recent National Household
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
Page 74 and 75: SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
Page 76 and 77: Spatial transformation needs respon
Page 78 and 79: What is Required to Transform South
Page 80 and 81: Transformation of management and ca
Page 83 and 84: PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
Page 85 and 86: Introduction South Africa is headin
Page 87 and 88: Congestion and pressure on resource
Page 89 and 90: transportation networks. Land-use p
Page 91 and 92: strategies in separate silos, with
Page 93 and 94: The Economic Role and Performance o
Page 95 and 96: • Johannesburg is South Africa’
Page 97 and 98: Nevertheless, recent economic fores
Page 99 and 100: • In the last five years, Tshwane
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
Page 103 and 104: Over the last 10 years, at a sector
Page 105 and 106:
There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
Page 239 and 240:
Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
Page 273 and 274:
Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
Page 278 and 279:
Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
Page 306 and 307:
Ensuring city transformation throug
Page 308 and 309:
Roadmap to the city dashboards All
Page 311 and 312:
Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
Page 322 and 323:
Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
Page 331 and 332:
Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Page 354 and 355:
Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Page 370 and 371:
Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
Page 406 and 407:
Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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