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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix – transforming cities together Government Private sector Productive Sustainable Urban transformation Inclusive Well governed Civil society Knowledge industry Role-player groups are neither homogeneous nor necessarily stand-alone entities. They have very different needs, levels of vulnerability, ability to engage and mobilise other actors, levels of dependency, resource availability and capacity to engage in innovation and collaboration. Moreover, relationships within a single group can contribute to positive development outcomes affecting other wider groups. Figure 8.2 demonstrates the relations between the role-players in city spaces with possible sub-groups. Figure 8.2: City spaces SOEs Provincial National Government Local Race Formal Informal Private Sector Citizen Class Gender Status University Academia/Research Research institute NGO 288 State of South African Cities Report 2016
Given the complexity of role-player relations, an urban system of innovation cannot focus solely on economic growth and technical advances. It needs also to focus on defining new and better ways of alleviating poverty, addressing inequality, creating jobs and realising a quality built environment for all citizens. This can only be done by understanding the nature of power (political, economic, labour, and familial), institutions (functions, role-players, structures) and capabilities of citizens and other roleplayers. Through this understanding, a system that is more dynamic and speaks to the reality of South African cities can be developed. To achieve this will require building trust among parties, defining goals and outcomes, and being willing to compromise and see the problem from different perspectives. Most importantly, a wide range of role-players will need to get involved in addressing particular urban challenges and resolve to deal with the conflict and frustration that will likely arise during the course of realising a transformed city. Central to creating such a cooperative space is building partnerships between role-players, identifying common values and attempting interventions that deviate from the norm. Creating this cooperative space requires the following (CIVICUS, 2015): • A focus on the underlying conditions that enable citizens to fulfil their own goals, given the prevailing governance, policy, socioeconomic and socio-cultural factors. • The freedom to associate. • Access to information. • The ability of all role-players to formulate, articulate and convey their opinions. • The existence of spaces and rules of engagement for negotiation and public debate. • The ability of the poor and marginalised to mobilise and realise their own needs. • A broader role for civic organisations, so that they are more than simply advocates for a particular community or interest group, but become owners and providers of public services, and natural-resource and environmental management. In other words, what cities need is democracy. However, the reality is that competition, anger and frustration dominate relations among role-players. As the role-players (i.e. civil society, the private sector, knowledge institutions and government) operate in their specific contexts, the concept of “enabling” has different meanings. Civil society “Cities” are not their city governments; cities are their people. Communities and the range of nonstate actors and organisations that constitute “civil society” are the central players in realising a democratic solution to the challenges holding back city transformation. The Integrated Urban Development Framework (IUDF) proposes a number of local-level initiatives that are intended to create a space where government and civil society can engage (COGTA, 2016a). They include the following: 8 ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 289
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
Page 237 and 238: FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
Page 239 and 240: Introduction With total expenditure
Page 241 and 242: In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
Page 243 and 244: Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
Page 245 and 246: The challenge is that the interface
Page 247 and 248: Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
Page 249 and 250: National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
Page 251 and 252: As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
Page 253 and 254: In the case of property development
Page 255 and 256: distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
Page 257 and 258: • Despite this, the overwhelming
Page 259 and 260: Effectiveness of spending and servi
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Page 263 and 264: An encouraging development is that
Page 265 and 266: 3. Political interventions • Some
Page 267 and 268: Smart city strategies Smart city st
Page 269 and 270: encourage non-compliance. If priced
Page 271 and 272: • Municipalities could rightfully
Page 273 and 274: Recommendations If spatial transfor
Page 275: Finance and Innovation 275 7
Page 278 and 279: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
Page 280 and 281: 1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
Page 282 and 283: Statements of intent in the SOCR St
Page 284 and 285: WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
Page 286 and 287: Arguably, the primary constraint pr
Page 290 and 291: • Completing the National Framewo
Page 292 and 293: development agency) that took place
Page 294 and 295: MILE’s strategic objectives are:
Page 296 and 297: Public participation should be the
Page 298 and 299: The implementation of CBP through t
Page 300 and 301: According to Cloete (2015) a partne
Page 302 and 303: The chapters in this State of Citie
Page 304 and 305: Overall Recommendations Urban space
Page 306 and 307: Ensuring city transformation throug
Page 308 and 309: Roadmap to the city dashboards All
Page 311 and 312: Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
Page 313 and 314: CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
Page 315 and 316: Overview of flagship programme The
Page 317: Reflections While the development o
Page 320 and 321: People and Households Size of city
Page 322 and 323: Design Capital Introduction Cities
Page 324 and 325: Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
Page 327 and 328: City of Ekurhuleni @moography
Page 329 and 330: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
Page 331 and 332: Overview of flagship programme Situ
Page 333: the corporate structure and governa
Page 336 and 337: People and Households Size of city
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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People and Households Size of city
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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People and Households Size of city
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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