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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income classes (2001–2011) City Total households Total poor households % of poor households % change 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001–2011 Mangaung 188 713 231 904 54 775 39 250 29.0 16.9 –12.1 Buffalo City 189 036 216 261 62 995 50 240 33.3 23.2 –10.1 eThekwini 821 822 956 712 216 827 212 203 26.4 22.2 –4.2 Msunduzi 134 877 163 981 34 822 35 441 25.8 21.6 –4.2 Nelson Mandela Bay 265 018 324 289 66 176 68 133 25.0 21.0 –4.0 Ekurhuleni 778 038 1 016 983 200 299 226 435 25.7 22.3 –3.5 City of Johannesburg 1 048 362 1 434 869 226 744 292 471 21.6 20.4 –1.2 City of Tshwane 646 887 910 003 125 590 166 578 19.4 18.3 –1.1 City of Cape Town 777 341 1 068 564 119 117 181 502 15.3 17.0 1.7 Source: StepSA (2013) Between 2001 and 2011, despite growing numbers of households, the percentage of households considered poor decreased in eight of South Africa’ nine cities, with Cape Town the exception. The percentage of poor urban households decreased significantly in Buffalo City (–10.1%) and Mangaung (–12.1%). In larger metros, the number of poor households are increasing because of population growth, smaller households (households splitting) and in-migration. The decreases in Buffalo City and Mangaung may also imply that poor urban households are leaving in pursuit of better opportunities in other places. In considering the magnitude and growth of urban inequality, fundamental questions have to be asked about the social and political economy of South African cities, the role and responsibility of the state, as well as the systemic social and economic structures, practices and actors that sustain such inequality. Human capital While remote rural populations are relatively worse off than urban dwellers in absolute terms (Noble and Wright, 2013), high levels of deprivation are found in urban areas, particularly in townships and informal settlements. These urban dwellers experience multiple deprivations, including overcrowding, poor quality housing, a lack of services and rule of law, and a high risk of eviction (Satterthwaite, 2015). Even well-established, well-located townships still have poor education and health facilities, which leads to yet another urban inefficiency (and cost to the poorer households): the daily exodus of many learners from township schools to suburban schools. The ability of poor individuals to develop themselves and their communities depends on building their capabilities, which are affected by their education (skills), health and access to services. There is a correlation between relatively disadvantaged areas and lower levels of education. In addition, these services (education, health and social services) are generally not local government functions, further complicating the ability of cities to turn around this trajectory of spatially determined underdevelopment. 144 State of South African Cities Report 2016
Figure 4.10 clearly illustrates that the percentage of people with qualifications is still lower in townships and on the fringes of cities than in the accessible or central urban spaces. For instance, very few of the population have a post-matric qualification in Mitchell’s Plain and Khayelitsha (Cape Town), in Soweto, Thokoza, Alexandra and the GaRankuwa/ Winterveld (Gauteng) and in the rural settlement areas south and north of the N3 (eThekwini). Figure 4.10: Percentage of population with more than a matric certificate Legend Roads Province 9 Cities Limpopo Main place name Main places Level of tertiary education 2011 (SP) Kekana Garden Percentage with more Winterveld Hammanskraal than matric North 2011 West Bultfontein 0 - 5 6 - 10 Mabopane Vastfontein Grootvlei 11 - 15 Hebron Wallmannsthal 16 - 20 GaRankuwa Roodeplaat Doornkraal Thembisile 21 - 30 Akasia Bon Accord 31 - 40 Cullinan Ekangala 41 - 50 Eersterust Rayton > 51 Mamelodi Vaalbank Cheetah Park Laudium Mooiplaas Roodepoort Boschkop Centurion Rietfontein Olievenhoutbos Kameelkraal Malatjie Diepsloot Centurion Bronkhorstspruit Gauteng Midrand Kya Sand Tembisa Bapsfontein Rietfontein Sandton Roodepoort Alexandra Kempton Park Etwatwa Randburg Edenvale Benoni Breswol Holfontein Randfontein Johannesburg Germiston Gugulethu Soweto Boksburg Mpumalanga Springs Alberton Brakpan Lehae Langaville Tokoza Kwa-Thema City of Johannesburg NU Lawley Katlehong Duduza Ennerdale Nigel Cerutiville Orange Farm Lakeside Kilometers 0 5 10 20 30 40 Limpopo 4 Cape Town metro Mamre Pella Atlantis Philadelphia Melkbosstrand Klipheuwel Robben Island Western Cape Blouberg Durbanville Kraaifontein Milnerton Brackenfell Elsies Rivier Parow Bellville Epping Industria Belhar Athlone Blackheath Delft Cape Town Gugulethu Mfuleni Eerste Rivier Hout Bay Philippi Khayelitsha Mitchells Plain Somerset West Macassar Muizenberg Kommetjie Cape Town Metro Rural Fish Hoek Simon's Town Gordons Bay Castle Rock Smitswinkelbaai Mangaung Soetdoring Nature Reserve Kgalala Bofulo Talla Houtnek Morago Rakhoi Mandela View Spitsko Merino Sediba B Free State Mangaung NU Thubisi Moroto Potsane Motlala Mangaung Botshabelo Tabane Rustfontein Kommissiedrif Groothoek Post Eureka Nogas Post Gladstone Yorksford Grootdam Woodbridge Balaclava Klipfontein Legend Subplace Main Cities SACN cities Level of tertiary education 2011 (SP) Percentage with more than matric 2011 0 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 > 51 Province Inclusive CITIES 145
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
Page 93 and 94: The Economic Role and Performance o
Page 95 and 96: • Johannesburg is South Africa’
Page 97 and 98: Nevertheless, recent economic fores
Page 99 and 100: • In the last five years, Tshwane
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
Page 103 and 104: Over the last 10 years, at a sector
Page 105 and 106: There is a marked correlation betwe
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
Page 111 and 112: development role set out in the 199
Page 113 and 114: Table 3.3: Key economic development
Page 115 and 116: • eThekwini has an active economi
Page 117 and 118: Both types of township are low-inco
Page 119 and 120: Informal economy and self-employmen
Page 121 and 122: South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
Page 123: PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
Page 126 and 127: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
Page 128 and 129: Andile’s story This is based on a
Page 130 and 131: of that ward participate in making
Page 132 and 133: Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
Page 134 and 135: These service delivery gains have c
Page 136 and 137: YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
Page 138 and 139: However, when the NWAC is superimpo
Page 140 and 141: Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
Page 142 and 143: As mentioned, urban integration is
Page 146 and 147: Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
Page 148 and 149: Urban safety South Africa’s citie
Page 150 and 151: City’s unemployment rate is about
Page 152 and 153: Collective violence 7 Two main dime
Page 154 and 155: Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
Page 156 and 157: Furthermore, citizen education and
Page 158 and 159: South Africa requires a spatial pol
Page 161 and 162: SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
Page 163 and 164: Introduction Since 1994, the govern
Page 165 and 166: will need to have low-emissions gro
Page 167 and 168: Most of South Africa’s energy con
Page 169 and 170: Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
Page 171 and 172: • Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
Page 173 and 174: WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
Page 175 and 176: 500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
Page 177 and 178: facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
Page 181 and 182: As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
Page 183 and 184: Accelerating the transition to sust
Page 185 and 186: disadvantaged groups, through facil
Page 187 and 188: Accelerating the transition to food
Page 189 and 190: Biodiversity South Africa is the th
Page 191 and 192: Open spaces Ecological and social o
Page 193 and 194: in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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