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As the nature of this increase cannot be necessarily be deduced from these representations, aerial imagery is used here. Figure 1.15 shows that the densification in Tembisa has been through formalising previously informal settlements, which have then densified through backyard housing. Such backyard infill substantially adds to the number of residential (and other structures) and is an affordable-housing strategy for lower income populations (CSIR, 2012). Figure 1.15: Aerial imagery comparison of Tembisa area (2002 and 2015) Tembisa example 1: 2002 Tembisa example 1: 2015 Tembisa (east) example 2: 2002 Tembisa (east) example 2: 2015 Tembisa north-west example 3: 2002 Tembisa north-west example 3: 2015 38 State of South African Cities Report 2016
Increased densities and demand have localised effects and implications Population grows into particular places. This has meant very specific and diverse spatial implications within <strong>cities</strong>, with some areas experiencing high increases in population and service delivery needs. It has also meant the increase in the footprint of the built-up areas in <strong>cities</strong>, as illustrated in Figure 1.16. 1 Figure 1.16: Increased footprints, densities and demand profiles Legend Main towns Province Pop change 1996-2011 POP96_11 ≤2000 ≤10000 ≤30000 ≤228550 Provinces 0 48.75 97.5 195 Kilometers Tshwane, Johannesburg and Ekurhuleni metros: Change in Built Up/Settlement footprint 1990 - 2013 Legend Roads Limpopo Limpopo Province North West Main place name Kekana Garden 1990 Settlement Winterveld Hammanskraal catagories Bultfontein Vastfontein 2013 Built Up/ Mabopane Grootvlei Urban extent Hebron Wallmannsthal Thembisile GaRankuwa Bon Accord Roodeplaat Doornkraal indicating growth. Akasia Eersterust Cullinan Ekangala 10 km distance City of Tshwane Rayton from centre Mamelodi Vaalbank Cheetah Park Laudium Mooiplaas Roodepoort Centurion Boschkop Rietfontein Malatjie Olievenhoutbos Kameelkraal Diepsloot Centurion Bronkhorstspruit Midrand Kya Gauteng Sand Tembisa Bapsfontein Sandton Roodepoort Rietfontein Kempton Park Alexandra Etwatwa Randburg Edenvale Benoni Breswol City of Johannesburg Ekurhuleni Randfontein Johannesburg Germiston Gugulethu Soweto Boksburg Springs Alberton Brakpan Mpumalanga Lehae Tokoza Langaville City of Johannesburg NU Lawley Katlehong Duduza Nigel Ennerdale Cerutiville Orange Farm Lakeside Kilometers 0 5 10 20 30 40 City of Cape Town: Change in Built Up/Urban footprint 1990 - 2013 Mamre Pella Atlantis Kilometers 0 5 10 20 30 40 Swartland Philadelphia Melkbosstrand Klipheuwel Drakenstein Robben Island Blouberg Durbanville City of Cape town Kraaifontein Milnerton Western Cape Bellville Brackenfell Elsies Rivier Epping Industria Belhar Blackheath Stellenbosch Cape Town Athlone Delft Gugulethu Mfuleni Eerste Rivier Philippi Khayelitsha Macassar Hout Bay Mitchells Plain Kommetjie Muizenberg Cape Town Metro Rural Fish Hoek Gordons Bay Simon's Town Castle Rock Smitswinkelbaai Legend Roads Province Main place name 1990 Settlement catagories 2013 Built Up/ Urban extent indicating growth. 10 km distance from centre INTRODUCTIOn 39
Page 1 and 2: State of south african cities Repor
Page 4 and 5: The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
Page 6 and 7: FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
Page 8 and 9: Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
Page 10 and 11: Overview: State of South African Ci
Page 12 and 13: CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
Page 17 and 18: State of Cities Reporting Over the
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
Page 21 and 22: The consequence of this rapid urban
Page 23 and 24: LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
Page 25 and 26: Addressing these challenges require
Page 27 and 28: TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
Page 29 and 30: Key issues for South African cities
Page 31 and 32: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.8: Population change total
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
Page 37: Significant densification through b
Page 41 and 42: Global networks versus domestic res
Page 43: Informed by five years of research
Page 46 and 47: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
Page 48 and 49: In cities, economic and social ineq
Page 50 and 51: Undesirable current spatial configu
Page 52 and 53: neighbouring municipalities are not
Page 54 and 55: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Page 56 and 57: Built environment investments not s
Page 58 and 59: The cost of fragmentation In additi
Page 60 and 61: associated land uses benefit all, n
Page 62 and 63: Local government is best placed to
Page 64 and 65: Competing land interests need to be
Page 66 and 67: PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
Page 68 and 69: The 2011 State of South African Cit
Page 70 and 71: The most recent National Household
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
Page 74 and 75: SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
Page 76 and 77: Spatial transformation needs respon
Page 78 and 79: What is Required to Transform South
Page 80 and 81: Transformation of management and ca
Page 83 and 84: PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
Page 85 and 86: Introduction South Africa is headin
Page 87 and 88: Congestion and pressure on resource
Page 89 and 90:
transportation networks. Land-use p
Page 91 and 92:
strategies in separate silos, with
Page 93 and 94:
The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
Page 126 and 127:
Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
Page 128 and 129:
Andile’s story This is based on a
Page 130 and 131:
of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
Page 193 and 194:
in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
Page 300 and 301:
According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
Page 308 and 309:
Roadmap to the city dashboards All
Page 311 and 312:
Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
Page 331 and 332:
Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Page 338 and 339:
Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Page 354 and 355:
Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
Page 379 and 380:
Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
Page 381:
The coverage map below shows the pl
Page 384 and 385:
Introduction A key part of the deve
Page 386 and 387:
These indicators were evaluated on
Page 388 and 389:
SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
Page 394 and 395:
2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
Page 406 and 407:
Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
Page 408 and 409:
References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
Page 410 and 411:
Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
Page 412 and 413:
DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
Page 414 and 415:
National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
Page 416:
Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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