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Figure 6.7 Percentage of senior management (SM) and all posts filled. ................................................................... 218
Figure 6.8 LGMIM scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Figure 6.9 Municipal audit consistency (2008/9–2012/3). ......................................................................................... 226
Figure 6.10 Service delivery rankings (score out of 10). .................................................................................................. 231
Figure 6.11 Expanded conception of a well-governed city. ............................................................................................ 233
Figure 7.1 Reporting and oversight lines for municipal finance. ................................................................................. 242
Figure 7.2 Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality’s finance function in 2015. ................................................................. 243
Figure 7.3 City of Tshwane’s finance function in 2015. ................................................................................................... 243
Figure 7.4 Institutional arrangements for budgeting. .................................................................................................... 244
Figure 7.5 City revenue (2009/10–2013/14). ................................................................................................................. 250
Figure 7.6 Revenue by source (2013/14) ........................................................................................................................ 251
Figure 7.7 Total expenditure by city (2010–2014). ........................................................................................................ 254
Figure 7.8 Summary of capital expenditure (2010–2014) .......................................................................................... 254
Figure 7.9 Summary of operating expenditure categories (2014) ............................................................................ 255
Figure 7.10 Bad debt per city (2010–2014)....................................................................................................................... 258
Figure 7.11 Long-term liabilities as a % of operating revenue .................................................................................... 263
Figure 7.12 Summary of municipal assets (2013). ........................................................................................................... 268
Figure 8.1 The quadruple helix – transforming cities together. .................................................................................. 288
Figure 8.2 City spaces. ............................................................................................................................................................ 288
Figure 8.3 Summary of key Infrastructure Dialogues themes discussed 2012–2015. ........................................... 292
Figure 8.4 Arnstein’s ladder of participation. .................................................................................................................... 297
Figure 8.5 An urban innovation framework for South African cities. .......................................................................... 303
400 State of South African Cities Report 2016