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To leverage urbanisation in Africa, the following policy responses are required (AfDB et al., 2016). • Invest in urban infrastructure in order to keep up with rapid urban growth. • Provide more affordable housing. • Improve urban connectivity, as city sprawl and current public mass transportation systems have offset the economies of agglomeration. • Focus urban planning and governance on informal settlements. Initiatives For African cities, the challenge (or complex of challenges) is to manage economic and population growth, informality (the manifestation of exclusion from the mainstream) and urban resilience, while building an internationally competitive economy and encouraging investment. This is in addition to delivering on local developmental goals. The adage “think globally, and act locally” applies here, as cities will have to develop contextualised strategies and tactics for addressing their circumstances, as well as engage with global actors and issues, such as around mitigating the potential impacts of changes in the global macro-economy and climate change. In 2015, the UN adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a follow-up to the 2015 Millennium Development Goals and aimed at ending poverty, fighting inequality and injustice, and tackling climate change by 2030. SDG 11 is specifically about sustainable cities and communities: by 2020, cities and human settlements will have adopted and implemented integrated policies and plans, aimed at inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and implemented in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. Figure 1.5 presents the 17 SDG goals in relation to South Africa’s NDP 2030 and illustrates a general correlation between the NDP objectives and actions and the SDG goals and targets (NBI, 2016). The United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development – Habitat III – will take place in October 2016 in Quito, Ecuador, and intends to frame a new global urban agenda. Within it, an aspirational African urban agenda aligned to African Union Africa Vision 2063 and discussed at the 7th Africities Summit 2015 has also emerged. 26 State of South African Cities Report 2016
TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SDGs draw heavily on the Rio +20 outcomes: The Future we Want SDGs have 17 goals, each with a specific development theme overlapping, reinforcing framework to structure collective actions that build trust between stakeholders and drive development outcomes development themes Each chapter has objectives and actions, where objectives are goals often with specific timelines Each goal has targets with specific timelines: there are 169 targets 92% of the 72 NDP objectives map to the 169 SDG targets The SDG targets and NDP objectives align: Figure 1.5: Aligning the SDG targets and NDP objectives No. of No. of Sustainable Development Goals Targets Objectives 7 2 National Development Plan Sustainable Development Goals 2 NDP objectives from Chapter 11: Social Protection Support Nation Building and Social Cohesion No. of No. of Targets Objectives 10 3 National Development Plan 1 NDP objective from Chapter 3: Economy and Employment 1 NDP objective from Chapter 11: Social Protection 1 NDP objective from Chapter 15: Nation Building and Social Cohesion 1 8 4 1 NDP objective from Chapter 5: Environmental Sustainability and Resilience 2 NDP objectives from Chapter 6: Inclusive Rural Economy 1 NDP objective from Chapter 11: Social Protection 10 8 1 NDP objective from Chapter 4: Economic Infrastructure 3 NDP objectives from Chapter 5: Environmental Sustainability and Resilience 4 NDP objectives from Chapter 8: Transforming Human Settlements 13 6 6 NDP objectives from Chapter 10: Health Care for All 11 2 2 NDP objectives from Chapter 5: Environmental Sustainability and Resilience Enhance Relationships between TVET Colleges and Industry 10 13 13 NDP objectives from Chapter 9: Improving Education, Training and Innovation 5 3 3 NDP objectives from Chapter 5: Environmental Sustainability and Resilience 9 3 2 NDP objectives from Chapter 11: Social Protection 1 NDP objective from Chapter 12: Building Safer Communities 10 1 1 NDP objective from Chapter 5: Environmental Sustainability and Resilience Partner with Municipalities to address Wastewater Treatment 8 3 2 NDP objectives from Chapter 4: Economic Infrastructure 1 NDP objective from Chapter 5: Environmental Sustainability and Resilience 12 1 1 NDP objective from Chapter 5: Environmental Sustainability and Resilience Incorporate a Greater Share of Gas in the Energy Mix 5 3 2 NDP objectives from Chapter 4: Economic Infrastructure 1 NDP objective from Chapter 5: Environmental Sustainability and Resilience Strengthen Partnerships with Local Government 12 6 5 NDP objectives from Chapter 13: Building a Capable and Developmental State 1 NDP objective from Chapter 14: Fighting Corruption 12 7 7 NDP objectives from Chapter 3: Economy and Employment Cross-cutting Role of NBI in Supporting Collaboration 19 2 2 NDP objectives from Chapter 7: South Africa in the Region and the World 8 1 There 1 NDP objective from Chapter 4: Economic Infrastructure is a general pattern of intent between the NDP Objectives and Actions and the SDG Goals and Targets. However, these objectives did not map exactly to SDG targets: 1 NDP objective from Chapter 4: Economic Infrastructure 1 NDP objective from Chapter 9: Improving Education, Training and Innovation 2 NDP objectives from Chapter 10: Health Care for All 2 NDP objectives from Chapter 11: Social Protection Key: Top Actions Forming the Business NDP Action Plan Source: NBI (2016) © National Business Initiative 2016. All rights reserved. Other multilateral partnerships and associations that support or enhance urban development and resilience include the BRICS Urbanisation Forum and Friendship Cities, as well as C40 and Metropolis already mentioned. Agreements such as the COP Paris climate agreement on cities and the Global Network for Safer Cities (with its regional sister, the African Forum for Urban Safety) also forge collective global agendas. Importantly, all of these present opportunities for South African benchmarking and learning. Local Perspective: Cities in Context South Africa’s cities are neither incidents nor islands – nor are they only the consequence of globalised trends, though these are certainly a factor. They are also defined by the country’s particular context and history, a summary of which follows. INTRODUCTIOn 27
Page 1 and 2: State of south african cities Repor
Page 4 and 5: The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
Page 6 and 7: FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
Page 8 and 9: Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
Page 10 and 11: Overview: State of South African Ci
Page 12 and 13: CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
Page 17 and 18: State of Cities Reporting Over the
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
Page 21 and 22: The consequence of this rapid urban
Page 23 and 24: LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
Page 25: Addressing these challenges require
Page 29 and 30: Key issues for South African cities
Page 31 and 32: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.8: Population change total
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
Page 37 and 38: Significant densification through b
Page 39 and 40: Increased densities and demand have
Page 41 and 42: Global networks versus domestic res
Page 43: Informed by five years of research
Page 46 and 47: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
Page 48 and 49: In cities, economic and social ineq
Page 50 and 51: Undesirable current spatial configu
Page 52 and 53: neighbouring municipalities are not
Page 54 and 55: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Page 56 and 57: Built environment investments not s
Page 58 and 59: The cost of fragmentation In additi
Page 60 and 61: associated land uses benefit all, n
Page 62 and 63: Local government is best placed to
Page 64 and 65: Competing land interests need to be
Page 66 and 67: PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
Page 68 and 69: The 2011 State of South African Cit
Page 70 and 71: The most recent National Household
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
Page 74 and 75: SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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