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Figure 3.1: Johannesburg’s VAT registrations (March 2014–February 2015) City of Johannesburg Agriculture, hunting, fishery, forestry Mining and quarrying Manufacturing Construction Whole trade Retail trade Retail trade automotive Hotels and restaurants Transport and communication Finance, insurance, real estate Community, social, personal services Source: Laldaparsad (2015) from Stats SA Business Register Figure 3.2: Cape Town’s VAT registrations (March 2014–February 2015) WC Municipalities Number of VAT Registrations per Ward (Square Km) 0 - 20 21 - 100 101 - 200 201 - 510 No Data Source: Laldaparsad (2015) from Stats SA Business Register 92 State of South African Cities Report 2016
The Economic Role and Performance of South Africa’s Cities The economic role and performance of the nine cities were examined over an 18-year period (1995 to 2013 5 ) using city economic indicator data. 6 City economic activity Over the past two decades, South Africa’s economy has become increasingly geographically concentrated. The nine SACN member cities now account for 58.7% of South Africa’s gross value added (GVA), which is a measure of economic activity at the city or regional level. As Figure 3.3 shows, the nine cities fall into two sub-groups: • Five large cities (Johannesburg, Cape Town, Tshwane, Ekurhuleni and eThekwini) that dominate the national economy, are home to 35% of South Africa’s people and generally have diversified economies. • Four smaller cities (Nelson Mandela Bay, Mangaung, Buffalo City and Msunduzi) that serve as regional economic hubs and tend to have a smaller economic base, which is more at risk from volatile global and domestic economic forces. 3 Figure 3.3: City contributions to South Africa’s total economic output (1995 and 2013) Share of South Africa’s GVA at constant 2005 prices 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 13.9% 11.7% 8.9% 9.2% BUFF CPT EKU JHB MAN 1995 2013 10.3% 10.9% 8.2% 8.8% 8.8% 8.7% 3.3% 1.9% 1.6% 1.9% 1.8% 1.5% 1.4% 2.4% ETH NMB MSU TSH Source: Quantec Research (2015) 5 While the initial period of review is the 20-year period 1994 to 2014, Quantec Research data was only available from 1995 to 2013. 6 The main data source used is Quantec Research’s standardised regional database. Quantec Research (Pty) Ltd is a South African-based consultancy providing economic and financial data and related country analysis. Its economic data covers a broad range of South Africa macroeconomic, industry, trade and regional indicator data. The Quantec Research regional database combines primary source regional data in a standardised form, a long-term demographic model of South Africa and other socioeconomic national and regional benchmark time series. As Stats SA only publishes economic data at the provincial level, the economic data in Quantec Research’s standardised regional database is modelled as an economic time series rather than primary source data. Quantec Research does not publish the detailed methodologies used to estimate its regional economic time series. This has led to certain critiques of the credibility and use of the data. However, in the absence of official municipal level economic time series, economic analysis of city economic performance has to rely on private sector data service providers, such as Quantec Research and IHS Global Insight. Given the limited information available on the private sector data providers modelling techniques, economists differ as to the merits of using Quantec Research versus IHS Global Insight regional economic time series data. PRODUCTIVE CITIES 93
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
Page 41 and 42: Global networks versus domestic res
Page 43: Informed by five years of research
Page 46 and 47: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
Page 48 and 49: In cities, economic and social ineq
Page 50 and 51: Undesirable current spatial configu
Page 52 and 53: neighbouring municipalities are not
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Page 56 and 57: Built environment investments not s
Page 58 and 59: The cost of fragmentation In additi
Page 60 and 61: associated land uses benefit all, n
Page 62 and 63: Local government is best placed to
Page 64 and 65: Competing land interests need to be
Page 66 and 67: PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
Page 68 and 69: The 2011 State of South African Cit
Page 70 and 71: The most recent National Household
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
Page 74 and 75: SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
Page 76 and 77: Spatial transformation needs respon
Page 78 and 79: What is Required to Transform South
Page 80 and 81: Transformation of management and ca
Page 83 and 84: PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
Page 85 and 86: Introduction South Africa is headin
Page 87 and 88: Congestion and pressure on resource
Page 89 and 90: transportation networks. Land-use p
Page 91: strategies in separate silos, with
Page 95 and 96: • Johannesburg is South Africa’
Page 97 and 98: Nevertheless, recent economic fores
Page 99 and 100: • In the last five years, Tshwane
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
Page 103 and 104: Over the last 10 years, at a sector
Page 105 and 106: There is a marked correlation betwe
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
Page 111 and 112: development role set out in the 199
Page 113 and 114: Table 3.3: Key economic development
Page 115 and 116: • eThekwini has an active economi
Page 117 and 118: Both types of township are low-inco
Page 119 and 120: Informal economy and self-employmen
Page 121 and 122: South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
Page 123: PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
Page 126 and 127: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
Page 128 and 129: Andile’s story This is based on a
Page 130 and 131: of that ward participate in making
Page 132 and 133: Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
Page 134 and 135: These service delivery gains have c
Page 136 and 137: YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
Page 138 and 139: However, when the NWAC is superimpo
Page 140 and 141: Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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