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The implementation of CBP through the ward committees increases the risk of political interference in projects and related funding, and so clear guidelines need to be given to local government politicians about their mandate. A Partnership-driven Approach In a partnership, the parties have a level of independence but also the expectations that they will perform their assigned roles. From a government perspective, a partnership approach dilutes the expectation that government is the driver of development; instead, government becomes one of roleplayers who, together with other role-players, will realise a development. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) describes partnerships as (Cloete, 2015: 4): Systems of formalised co-operation, grounded in legally binding arrangements or informal understandings, co-operative working relationships, and mutually adopted plans among a number of institutions. They involve agreements on policy and programme objectives and the sharing of responsibility, resources, risks and benefits over a specified period of time. This broad definition includes most of the examples cited in this chapter. In the South African context, the different types of partnerships include (Cloete, 2015): • Transversal partnerships, across silos, disciplines, departments, industries and value chains. • Intergovernmental partnerships, which relate to partnerships between different spheres of government. • Cross-boundary partnerships, which concern facilitating spatial change. • Cross-sector partnerships or chains that relate to partnerships created among different roleplayers (civil society, private sector, knowledge institutions and government). Partnerships are commonly used in economic development and can take different forms, including public-private partnerships (PPPs) and multi-stakeholder partnership (MSPs). PPPs are most often used in the construction of large infrastructure projects, and are defined by strict technical parameters and contractual arrangements. In contrast, MSPs are more informal agreements between different parties and can facilitate outcomes beyond economic development, e.g. those relevant to particular communities or that define the procedures and intent of a particular relationship (ibid). Table 8.2 provides an assessment of the different partnership, as described above. 298 State of South African Cities Report 2016
Table 8.2: The different types of partnerships used in South Africa Interface Synergies /shared interest Contestations / tensions Examples Bring together a range of disparate activities within or between institutions Build a more efficient, knowledgeable and effective public service Develop marginalised areas and communities Bring together different government, private sector and civil society role-players Provide integrated sector approach to development Promote economic and social development Public-private Economic growth and development / large-scale infrastructure provision MSP: Civil society– public MSP: Knowledge Institutions–public / civil society MSP: Knowledge institutions– private sector Private sector– civil society Poverty alleviation Local economic development Provision of social goods Improving the quality of environment Job creation Knowledge sharing Problem solving Innovation Defining alternative development interventions to growth paradigm Economic growth Revenue generation Innovation New patents Education Job creation Accessing new markets Social responsibility Access to financial resources Transversal partnerships Complexity Objectivity = paramount Multiple possibilities for complex problem-solving Fear of compromise Intergovernmental partnerships Trust Defence of mandates Duplication of mandates Partnership management Cross-boundary partnerships Trust Differing priorities Scale Project management Programme monitoring, management and coordination Cross-sector partnerships Private interest (profit) versus public good Trust Maintaining accountability Allocation of limited resources Maintaining trust Managing expectations Keeping partnerships relevant and productive Keeping focuses Access to Information Defining and maintaining roles between stakeholders Trust Differing priorities Differing institutional structures Interactions insulated from other role-players Trust Trust Capacity of civil society organisations Differing business capabilities Managing expectations Southern Cape Partnership Area-based: CIDs Sector-based: Infrastructure Dialogues; Dube Trade Port Warwick Triangle MILE UCT Knowledge Cooperative MTN/GTZ – E-waste Project 8 Source: Based on Cloete (2015) ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 299
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Page 249 and 250: National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
Page 251 and 252: As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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Page 255 and 256: distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
Page 257 and 258: • Despite this, the overwhelming
Page 259 and 260: Effectiveness of spending and servi
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Page 263 and 264: An encouraging development is that
Page 265 and 266: 3. Political interventions • Some
Page 267 and 268: Smart city strategies Smart city st
Page 269 and 270: encourage non-compliance. If priced
Page 271 and 272: • Municipalities could rightfully
Page 273 and 274: Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Page 278 and 279: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
Page 280 and 281: 1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
Page 282 and 283: Statements of intent in the SOCR St
Page 284 and 285: WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
Page 286 and 287: Arguably, the primary constraint pr
Page 288 and 289: Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
Page 290 and 291: • Completing the National Framewo
Page 292 and 293: development agency) that took place
Page 294 and 295: MILE’s strategic objectives are:
Page 296 and 297: Public participation should be the
Page 300 and 301: According to Cloete (2015) a partne
Page 302 and 303: The chapters in this State of Citie
Page 304 and 305: Overall Recommendations Urban space
Page 306 and 307: Ensuring city transformation throug
Page 308 and 309: Roadmap to the city dashboards All
Page 311 and 312: Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
Page 313 and 314: CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
Page 315 and 316: Overview of flagship programme The
Page 317: Reflections While the development o
Page 320 and 321: People and Households Size of city
Page 322 and 323: Design Capital Introduction Cities
Page 324 and 325: Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
Page 327 and 328: City of Ekurhuleni @moography
Page 329 and 330: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
Page 331 and 332: Overview of flagship programme Situ
Page 333: the corporate structure and governa
Page 336 and 337: People and Households Size of city
Page 338 and 339: Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
Page 340 and 341: Go!Durban will include new railways
Page 343 and 344: City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
Page 345 and 346: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
Page 347 and 348: Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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People and Households Size of city
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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People and Households Size of city
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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