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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (African Development Bank), OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development) and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2016. African Economic Outlook 2016: Sustainable Cities and Structural Transformation. OECD Publishing, Paris. Pieterse A, Maritz A, Kok P, Maditse K and McKelly D. 2015. Urban Migration Analyses: An Analysis of Intra-regional Migration within the Functional Gauteng City Region. Unpublished Technical Report prepared by the CSIR as part of a Parliamentary Grant Project. Bertaud A and Malpezzi S. 2014. The Spatial Distribution of Population in 57 World Cities: The Role of Markets, Planning, and Topography. COGTA (Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs). 2016. Integrated Urban Development Framework. Pretoria: COGTA. Cross C. 2014. Centre or periphery: core zone dynamics. In SACN (South African Cities Network). From Housing to Human Settlements – Evolving perspectives. Pretoria: SACN. CSIR. 2012. The implications of backyard housing for spatial planning policy in Johannesburg. http:// stepsa.org/pdf/policy_implication_notes/CSIR%20 Policy%20Brief%201%20The%20implications%20 of%20backyard%20housing.pdf. Demographia. 2016. World Urban Areas 12th Annual Edition. http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf EDD (Economic Development Department) and the CSIR. 2014. Reading Spatial Perspectives: job drivers in support of the NGP. Interactive tool to explore spatial economic perspectives developed as part of the project Functional Economic Regions. http://stepsa.org/projects.html. ESPON. 2013. Territorial Dynamics in Europe. Gateway Functions in Cities. Territorial Observation Report No. 9. December 2013. https://www.espon.eu/ export/sites/default/Documents/Publications/ TerritorialObservations/TO9_December2013/ TO-9_December-2013.pdf Harrison P and Todes A. 2015. Spatial transformations in a “loosening state”: South African urbanisation in a comparative perspective, Geoforum, Vol. 61: 148–162. McGranahan G and Martine G. 2012. Urbanization and development: Policy lessons from the BRICS experience. IIED Discussion Paper, December 2012. London: IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development). http://pubs.iied. org/pdfs/10622IIED.pdf. Mahajan S. (ed.). 2014. Economics of South African Townships: Special Focus on Diepsloot. World Bank Studies. Washington, DC: World Bank. MGI (McKinsey Global Institute). 2011. Urban World: Mapping the Economic Power of Cities. Washington, DC: McKinsey & Company. Ministry of Provincial Affairs and Constitutional Development. 1998. The White Paper on Local Government, 9 March 1998. Republic of South Africa, Pretoria. NBI (National Business Initiative). 2016. NBI Supporting the NDP’s Implementation through Business Action Plan, 2016. Johannesburg. NPC (National Planning Commission). 2011. National Development Plan – Vision for 2030. Pretoria: NPC. OECD. 2016. OECD Territorial Reviews: Competitive Cities in the Global Economy. Paris: OECD Publishing. Pegasys. 2015. South African Cities Network Strategic Evaluation. Unpublished report for SACN. Pieterse A, van Huyssteen E, Maritz J, Mans G and van Niekerk W. 2014. The bright lights of city regions – Assumptions, realities and implications of changing population dynamics: Zooming in on the Gauteng city region. In Patel Y, Minyuku N, van der Bank C, Mohan K and Ogra A. (eds.). Conference Proceedings: Planning Africa 2014 - Making Great Places, International Convention Centre (ICC), Durban, South Africa, 19th-22nd October, 2014. Pieterse A, Maritz A, Kok A, Maditse P and McKelly D. 2015. Urban Migration Analyses: An analysis of intra-regional migration within the functional Gauteng City Region. Unpublished Parliamentary Grant Project Report. Pretoria: CSIR. SACN. 2016 (forthcoming). BRICS Cities. Johannesburg: SACN and Wits University. Stats SA (Statistics South Africa). 2012. Census 2011. Pretoria: Stats SA. http://www.statssa.gov.za/ publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf Turok I. 2014. The urbanization-development nexus in the BRICS. In Parnell S and Oldfield S (eds.). 402 State of South African Cities Report 2016
The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South. London and New York: Routledge, pp.122–138. Turok I and Borel-Saladin, J. 2013. The Spatial Economy. Background Research Report for the Integrated Urban Development Framework. Turok I and Borel-Saladin J. 2014. Is urbanisation in South Africa on a sustainable trajectory? Development Southern Africa, Vol. 31(5): 675–691. Van Huyssteen E, Manfred G, Maritz J, Le Roux A and Nigidi M. 2014. Update of the CSIR/SACN South African Settlement Typology. Unpublished Report. Pretoria: CSIR. UN DESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2015. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.241. New York: UN DESA, Population Division. UN DESA. 2014. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision. No. ST/ESA/SER.A/352. New York: UN DESA, Population Division UN Habitat. 2016. World Cities Report 2016, Urbanization and Development: Emerging Futures. http://wcr.unhabitat.org WEF (World Economic Forum). 2015. Global Risks Report. Geneva: WEF. References for Chapter 2 Atuahene B. 2014. We Want What’s Ours. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ANC (African National Congress). 1994. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/ site/q/03lv02039/04lv02103/05lv02120/06 lv02126.htm Barrett J. 2003. Organizing in the Informal Economy: A Case Study of the Minibus Taxi Industry in South Africa. Series on Representation and Organization Building. Geneva: International Labour Office. Ben-Joseph E. 2012. Rethinking a Lot. Cambridge: MIT Press. Berrisford S. 2015. The evolution of urban planning law and policy, 1994–2014: implications for South African cities. In SACN. 2015. The Urban Land Paper Series, Vol. 1. Johannesburg: SACN. Brockett L. 1996. The history of planning South African new towns: political influences and social principles adopted, New Contree. No. 40. Bertaud A. 2004. The spatial organization of cities: Deliberate outcome or unforeseen consequence? http://alainbertaud.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/06/AB_The_spatial_organization_of_ cities_Version_31.pdf. Brown-Luthango M. 2015. Rethinking land value in South African cities for social and spatial integration. In SACN. 2015. The Urban Land Paper Series, Vol. 1. Johannesburg: SACN. Charlton S. 2008. Inequality and economic marginalisation: the state of land use management in South Africa. Paper for Urban LandMark. October 2008. Charlton S, Gardener D and Rubin M. 2014. Postintervention analysis: the evolution of housing projects into sustainable human settlements. In SACN (ed.) From Housing to Human Settlements: Evolving Perspectives. Johannesburg: SACN. CLC (Community Law Centre). 2007. Developmental local government: determining appropriate functions and powers. Paper for the CAGE project. Cape Town: Local Government Project, CLC, University of the Western Cape. COGTA (Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs). 2016. Integrated Urban Development Framework. Pretoria: COGTA. Cross C. 2014. Youth, housing and urban location: economic entry for the excluded poor. In SACN (ed.) From Housing to Human Settlements: Evolving Perspectives. Johannesburg: SACN CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research). 2000. Chapter 5.8.1. Environmental design for safer communities. In The Red Book: guidelines for human settlement planning and design. Pretoria: CSIR. DoH (Department of Housing). 1994. White Paper on Housing. Pretoria: DoH. DoH. 1997. Urban Development Framework. Pretoria: DoH. references 403
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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People and Households Size of city
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
Page 352 and 353: People and Households Size of city
Page 354 and 355: Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
Page 356 and 357: In December 2012, the redevelopment
Page 359 and 360: Msunduzi @natesvw
Page 361 and 362: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
Page 363 and 364: important tourist sites, there have
Page 365: In addition, the PURP includes the
Page 368 and 369: People and Households Size of city
Page 370 and 371: Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
Page 372 and 373: A number of other projects have tak
Page 375 and 376: City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
Page 377 and 378: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
Page 379 and 380: Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
Page 381: The coverage map below shows the pl
Page 384 and 385: Introduction A key part of the deve
Page 386 and 387: These indicators were evaluated on
Page 388 and 389: SCODA is a partnership between citi
Page 390 and 391: Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
Page 392 and 393: Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
Page 394 and 395: 2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
Page 396 and 397: Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
Page 398 and 399: FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
Page 400 and 401: . . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
Page 404 and 405: FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
Page 406 and 407: Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
Page 408 and 409: References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
Page 410 and 411: Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
Page 412 and 413: DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
Page 414 and 415: National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
Page 416: Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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