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Reflections Critics of the project argue that security is often lacking, and the systems do not protect children from harmful content. However, access at FIZs in Tshwane is designed to limit abuse and does not allow users access to harmful content such as pornography and alcohol (Alfreds, 2013). Initiatives such as this “may be the start of something big if municipalities outside of South Africa can demonstrate that they have both the ambition and the competence to carry through private-public developments of this kind”. However there are some areas for caution. International evidence on the success or not of municipal or city-wide Wi-Fi is not clear. In many cities in the US such initiatives have either proved extremely expensive or been deemed to be a failure. Examples include Portland, where the city had to pay to remove abandoned antennas left by its partner. Dubbed the “city-wide Wi-Fi implosion” by the Economist in 2013, only three large scale ventures emerged, the largest being in Minneapolis, where the city signed a 10-year, $12.5m contract with a private firm, USI Wireless that started being paid out at 10% each year long before the city could use the network’s services. In Seattle, Wi-Fi was provided in 2005 and stopped in 2012 when authorities concluded that Wi-Fi was not necessarily a workable and cheaper way to get more people online as much of the network had to be replaces every 5–7 years. In addition, technical issues and geography created problems for city-wide Wi-Fi. Other challenges have included interference issues, network abusers, security and competition. Challenges have been experienced internationally around payment for Wi-Fi such as this in that, while it might be free to the individual user, the city collectively usually has to pay, meaning higher taxes in some form. However, in New York City the proposed project will cost about $200 million, although officials said that this involves a consortium of companies sharing advertising revenue with the city, and that no taxpayer money would be used for construction. Some cities in the United States such as Philadelphia and San Francisco announced PPPs, giving the right to a private company to build a wireless network, and charge for access, often thereby relinquishing control over costs to a private company. Critics of Tshwane’s initiative maintain that the funds would be better spent on infrastructure and services like roads, water and electricity, and that in the long run this will not prove to be free, but will require all residents to pay. However, the question to be asked is whether we can afford to wait until all basic services are addressed before providing such a service? It does not need to be an either/or situation – either basic services or technological advancement. The Mayor of Tshwane has suggested that “access to connectivity must be viewed as a basic human right, analogous to the provision of basic services such as water and electricity. We have made tremendous progress in closing the digital divide and expanding internet connectivity.” This is in line with the “commitment to build a people-centred, inclusive and development-oriented Information Society” under the auspices of the UN expressed at the World Summit on the Information Society. Other concerns include the list of priorities for the Municipality, with some arguing that internet access should be further down on this list, after issues such as access to water and electricity. However, the project argues that free Wi-Fi is more critical for the development of the residents of Tshwane, noting that the network costs R1/GB, 1000 times cheaper than 3G from one of the country’s major mobile network providers. Looking forward Our perspective is that access to connectivity must be viewed as a basic human right, analogous to the provision of basic services such as water and electricity. We have made tremendous progress in closing the digital divide and expanding internet connectivity. (Executive Mayor, City of Tshwane). 380 State of South African Cities Report 2016
The coverage map below shows the planned distribution of sites across the city, at the end of Phase 3. This includes 608 sites and capacity for a total of three million users (CoT, 2015). Tshwane free Wi-Fi – coverage map Source: CoT Regional Distribution Report References Alfreds, D, 27 Nov 2013, Tshwane free Wi-Fi launches in 5 areas, http://www.news24.com/Technology/News/Tshwane-free-Wi-Fi-launches-in-5- areas-20131127 Alfreds, D, 9 April 2014, Tshwane free Wi-Fi project ‘best in Africa’, http://www.news24.com/Technology/News/Tshwane-free-Wi-Fi-project-best-in- Africa-20140409 Balancing Act. 2014. Issue 280 http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/en/issue-no-280#sthash.LbmMkJcb.dpuf CoT (City of Tshwane, www.tshwane.gov.za CoT (City of Tshwane). 2015a. Project Overview. Tshwane: CoT. City of Tshwane, 2015b. Tshwane Free WiFi: Regional Distribution Report Daily News Article, 2014 NYC Mayor’s Wi-Fi Plan Draws Critics, Student News Daily, Posted on December 5, 2014, http://www.studentnewsdaily.com/ daily-news-article/nyc-mayors-wi-fi-plan-draws-critics/ Dalberg, April 2014. Project Isizwe: The impact of the internet and early observations from current deployment The Economist, 2013 Wireless networks: Whatever happened to municipal Wi-Fi?, Jul 26th 2013, http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/07/ wireless-networks Hesseldal, A., 2014 New York City to Offer Free Gigabit Wi-Fi in 2015, November 17, 2014 http://recode.net/2014/11/17/new-york-city-to-offer-freegigabit-wi-fi-in-2015/ Igonzalez, 2012 Good-Bye to Seattle’s Free Wi-Fi, Tue, May 08, 2012, Posted by lgonzalez, http://muninetworks.org/content/good-bye-seattles-free-wi-fi Kehr, W, undated Municipal Wireless internet, http://web.mst.edu/~mobildat/mwn/index.html Minneapolismn.gov Mfuphi, G 2012 Free Wi-Fi in South Africa: Small towns free Wi-Fi sets trend for larger cities, but are the cities following suit?,March 4, 2012 http:// mybroadband.co.za/news/broadband/44413-free-wi-fi-in-south-africa.html Municipal Focus, 27 Aug 2014, Tshwane’s phase two makes it Wi Fi capital, http://municipalfocus.co.za/tshawanes-phase-two-makes-wi-fi-capital/ Project Isizwe, www.projectisizwe.org Project Isizwe, September 2014, Tshwane Free WiFi Phase 3 Project Status Report Project Isizwe, January 2015, Tshwane Free WiFi: Bus WiFi (Inception Phase) Project Status Report Ventureburn, 30 July 2014, Project Isizwe launches 213 free Wi-Fi hotspots in Tshwane, http://ventureburn.com/2014/07/project-isizwe-launches-213- free-wi-fi-hotspots-in-tshwane/ World Bank. 2009. Information and Communication for Development: Extending reach and increasing impact. Washington, DC: World Bank. City of Tshwane City of Tshwane: Wi-Fi project 381
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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Page 331 and 332: Overview of flagship programme Situ
Page 333: the corporate structure and governa
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Page 338 and 339: Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
Page 340 and 341: Go!Durban will include new railways
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Page 347 and 348: Overview of flagship programme The
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Page 354 and 355: Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
Page 356 and 357: In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Page 363 and 364: important tourist sites, there have
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Page 370 and 371: Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
Page 372 and 373: A number of other projects have tak
Page 375 and 376: City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
Page 379: Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
Page 384 and 385: Introduction A key part of the deve
Page 386 and 387: These indicators were evaluated on
Page 388 and 389: SCODA is a partnership between citi
Page 390 and 391: Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
Page 392 and 393: Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
Page 394 and 395: 2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
Page 396 and 397: Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
Page 398 and 399: FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
Page 400 and 401: . . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
Page 402 and 403: References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
Page 404 and 405: FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
Page 406 and 407: Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
Page 408 and 409: References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
Page 410 and 411: Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
Page 412 and 413: DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
Page 414 and 415: National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
Page 416: Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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