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Figure 5.11: Depiction of in- and out-flows of water catchments into KZN cities 600 Free State C 431 31 W V D Lesotho KwaZulu-Natal South Africa U 34 The Msunduzi eThekwini Eastern Cape T Legend Main Cities Water transfer (million m3 per annum) Main rivers Primary Catchment (SA) Secondary Catchment (SA) The_Msunduzi_metro eThekwini_metro Province Orange Sengu Basin In general, the cities have good water management. Cape Town’s water and wastewater infrastructure is considered the most adequate, based on the proportion of households and persons with access to water and sanitation, and the relatively low new infrastructural needs. However, this does not account for the quality of the service provided (SACN, 2015a). Figure 5.12: Percentage of households with access to water (2010) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BUFF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN MSU NMB TSH Piped water inside dwelling/institution Piped water in yard Piped water on community stand (1000m from dwelling/institution) No access to piped water Source: SALGA/WRC (2014) 180 State of South African Cities Report 2016
As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and Nelson Mandela Bay have the highest proportion of households with piped water inside dwellings. Cities such as Buffalo City and eThekwini, with large rural areas, have more difficulty supplying piped water to households. Cape Town, eThekwini, Mangaung and Msunduzi have the highest proportion of households with metered connections. In addition, Cape Town, Ekurhuleni, eThekwini and Nelson Mandela Bay have the best budgeting performance for spending on asset management. eThekwini (whose Water and Sanitation Department won the 2014 Stockholm Industry Water Award), Buffalo City and Cape Town have the best technical capacity, measured by the number and qualifications of people occupying technical positions in their water infrastructure departments (SACN, 2015a). Over the last 20 years, access to potable water services has increased dramatically in urban areas. However, cities still face challenges in providing adequate sanitation services to households. Inadequately collected and/or treated waste can compromise water quality through pollution, affect human health and reduce the water’s fitness for use. Figure 5.13: Access to sanitation (2010) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 5 0% BUFF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN MSU NMB TSH No sanitation Flush toilet (connected to sewerage system) Flush toilet (with septic tank) Chemical toilet Pit toilet with ventilation (VIP) Pit toilet without ventilation Bucket toilet Other Source: SALGA/WRC (2014) As Figure 5.13 shows, over 80% of households have flush toilets connected to the sewage system in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Ekurhuleni Municipality and Nelson Mandela Bay Metro. In Msunduzi and Mangaung, ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines are used by nearly 20% of households. SUSTAINABLE CITIES 181
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
Page 130 and 131: of that ward participate in making
Page 132 and 133: Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
Page 134 and 135: These service delivery gains have c
Page 136 and 137: YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
Page 138 and 139: However, when the NWAC is superimpo
Page 140 and 141: Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
Page 142 and 143: As mentioned, urban integration is
Page 144 and 145: Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
Page 146 and 147: Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
Page 148 and 149: Urban safety South Africa’s citie
Page 150 and 151: City’s unemployment rate is about
Page 152 and 153: Collective violence 7 Two main dime
Page 154 and 155: Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
Page 156 and 157: Furthermore, citizen education and
Page 158 and 159: South Africa requires a spatial pol
Page 161 and 162: SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
Page 163 and 164: Introduction Since 1994, the govern
Page 165 and 166: will need to have low-emissions gro
Page 167 and 168: Most of South Africa’s energy con
Page 169 and 170: Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
Page 171 and 172: • Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
Page 173 and 174: WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
Page 175 and 176: 500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
Page 177 and 178: facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
Page 179: Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
Page 183 and 184: Accelerating the transition to sust
Page 185 and 186: disadvantaged groups, through facil
Page 187 and 188: Accelerating the transition to food
Page 189 and 190: Biodiversity South Africa is the th
Page 191 and 192: Open spaces Ecological and social o
Page 193 and 194: in the city and in their homes then
Page 195 and 196: Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
Page 197 and 198: Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
Page 199: Recommendations Develop and embed a
Page 202 and 203: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
Page 204 and 205: informal political and social cultu
Page 206 and 207: Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
Page 208 and 209: While these dynamics are critical a
Page 210 and 211: Blurred intergovernmental responsib
Page 212 and 213: Access to information As many ward
Page 214 and 215: Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
Page 216 and 217: COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
Page 218 and 219: The right people are not necessaril
Page 220 and 221: Local government will require new k
Page 222 and 223: All the cities have performance man
Page 224 and 225: Unethical behaviour is one of the r
Page 226 and 227: Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
Page 228 and 229: Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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