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neighbouring municipalities are not evaluated, while no reference is made to intergovernmental or public-private sector service level agreements. • Spatial development frameworks (SDFs) seem to remain focused on managing expected land-use change driven by the private sector, rather than on coordinating intergovernmental investment, spatial prioritisation and integrated spatial development strategies, or influencing the spatial investment logic of different sector strategies/line departments. • Most of the plans and instruments focus strongly on service delivery but do not include investment plans of the private sector, other government agencies or civil society. The many economic instruments and incentives aimed at stimulating development seem to be implemented as standalone programmes. • Collaboration in developing integrated development strategies and aligning projects exists at municipal (or at least city and district) level. However, municipal spatial priorities do not appear to guide those of national and provincial functional sectors or even municipal line departments. LOCAL, REGIONAL, NATIONAL STRATEGIC AND SPATIAL PLANNING OUTCOMES FUNCTIONAL SECTORAL STRATEGIES AND IMPLEMENTATION TARGETS Policy and legislative requirements Ad hoc project implementation Short-term crises and priorities Policy and legislative requirements Institutional and financial requirements and monitoring instruments Short-term crises and priorities Long-term impact, projections, scenarios Institutional and financial requirements Strategic alignment of placebased needs and sector priorities for investment Sector specific visions, targets and priorities Guiding government and private investment Spatial investment strategies and priorities NSDF REGIONAL SDF Sector-based prioritisation, implementation and funding Programmatic approaches considering future scenarios Spatial specific visions, principles and outcomes Currently not in place In support of alignment Necessary to ensure alignment Challenging to alignment 52 State of South African Cities Report 2016
While many national plans and policies address critical issues, such as potential energy and water shortages, vulnerability of places, etc., there is an absence of integrated national spatial development analyses, modelling of potential growth implications and strategic guidance for the future development of highly diverse regions. Within an environment dominated by sector targets, collaboratively developing and implementing explicit spatial strategies is challenging and requires strong local, regional and national leadership. However, such strategies will not result in high-impact service delivery, transformation and long-term sustainability unless the reforms to improve spatial planning and development address existing challenges such as parallel planning processes, the plethora of planning instruments and mechanisms, and the formidable task of aligning a myriad of projects on paper and in budgets. 2 Continued inefficient spatial development • Public developments (RDP housing on the periphery) reinforce city sprawl, resulting in inefficient and more costly infrastructure and services. • Failure to invest in the townships means a lack of economic opportunities and growth close to where people live. • Lack of affordable accommodation close to economic opportunities, and the view that informal dwellings/strategies are the only solution for the poor. Private developments on the periphery • Growth in higher-end peripheral developments, i.e. gated housing estates, cluster housing complexes and eco estates claim to be sustainable, but take up vast tracts of open space and encourage the use of private vehicles. • Unconnected to the existing city fabric, these “new <strong>cities</strong>” entrench spatial and social exclusion, segregation and inequality based on class/income in place of race, and those excluded are predominantly poor and black (Landman and Schonteich, 2002; Lemanski, 2006; Landman and Badenhorst, 2015). 3 • The heavy economic burden placed on city infrastructure and services far outweighs the financial benefit from property tax (SACN, 2015b). 3 http://futurecapetown.com/2015/04/brief-gated-communities/#.VeQmVvmqqBY THE SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOUTH AFRICA’S CITIES 53
Page 1 and 2: State of south african cities Repor
Page 4 and 5: The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
Page 6 and 7: FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
Page 8 and 9: Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
Page 10 and 11: Overview: State of South African Ci
Page 12 and 13: CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
Page 17 and 18: State of Cities Reporting Over the
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
Page 21 and 22: The consequence of this rapid urban
Page 23 and 24: LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
Page 25 and 26: Addressing these challenges require
Page 27 and 28: TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
Page 29 and 30: Key issues for South African cities
Page 31 and 32: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.8: Population change total
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
Page 37 and 38: Significant densification through b
Page 39 and 40: Increased densities and demand have
Page 41 and 42: Global networks versus domestic res
Page 43: Informed by five years of research
Page 46 and 47: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
Page 48 and 49: In cities, economic and social ineq
Page 50 and 51: Undesirable current spatial configu
Page 54 and 55: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Page 56 and 57: Built environment investments not s
Page 58 and 59: The cost of fragmentation In additi
Page 60 and 61: associated land uses benefit all, n
Page 62 and 63: Local government is best placed to
Page 64 and 65: Competing land interests need to be
Page 66 and 67: PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
Page 68 and 69: The 2011 State of South African Cit
Page 70 and 71: The most recent National Household
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
Page 74 and 75: SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
Page 76 and 77: Spatial transformation needs respon
Page 78 and 79: What is Required to Transform South
Page 80 and 81: Transformation of management and ca
Page 83 and 84: PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
Page 85 and 86: Introduction South Africa is headin
Page 87 and 88: Congestion and pressure on resource
Page 89 and 90: transportation networks. Land-use p
Page 91 and 92: strategies in separate silos, with
Page 93 and 94: The Economic Role and Performance o
Page 95 and 96: • Johannesburg is South Africa’
Page 97 and 98: Nevertheless, recent economic fores
Page 99 and 100: • In the last five years, Tshwane
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
Page 103 and 104:
Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Page 338 and 339:
Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Page 354 and 355:
Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
Page 406 and 407:
Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
Page 416:
Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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