PES Skill Sheets.book - Capital High School

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Page 1 of 2 19.2 Alfred Wegener 19.2 Alfred Wegener was a man ahead of his time. He was an astronomer and a meteorologist, yet his greatest work was in the field of earth science. His theory of plate tectonics is widely accepted today. Yet, in 1912 when he proposed the idea, he was ridiculed. It took fifty years for other scientists to find the evidence that would prove his theory. The young man Alfred Wegener was born in Berlin in 1880. He was the son of a German minister who ran an orphanage. As a boy, he became interested in Greenland, and as a scientist, he went to Greenland several times to study the movement of air masses over the ice cap. This was at a time when most scientists doubted the existence of the jet stream. Just after his fiftieth birthday, he died there in a blizzard during one of his expeditions. Wegener graduated from the University of Berlin in 1905 with a degree in astronomy. Soon, however, his interest shifted to meteorology. This was a new and exciting field of science. Wegener was one of the first scientists to track air masses using weather balloons. No doubt, he got the idea from his hobby of flying in hot air balloons. In 1906, he and his brother set a world record by staying up in a balloon for over fiftytwo hours. The search for evidence In 1910, in a letter to his future bride, Wegener wrote about the way that South America and Africa seemed to fit together like pieces of a puzzle. To Wegener, this was not just an odd coincidence. It was a mystery that he felt he must solve. He began to look for evidence to prove that the continents had once been joined together and had moved apart. Fossils of a small reptile had been found on the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America. That meant that this reptile had lived in both places at the same time millions of years ago. Wegener figured that the only way this was possible was if the two continents were connected when animals were alive. They could not have traveled across the ocean. Geological evidence There was also geological evidence. The rock structures and types of rocks on the coasts of these two continents were identical. Again, Wegener could find no explanation for how this could have happened by accident on opposite sides of the ocean. The rock structures had to have been formed at the same time and place under the same conditions. A study of climates produced other evidence. Coal deposits had been found in Antarctica and in England. Since coal is formed only from plants that grow in warm, wet climates, Wegener concluded that those land masses must have once been near the equator, far from their locations today. Ridiculed and rejected Wegener explained that all of the continents had been part of one large land mass about 300 million years ago. This super-continent was called Pangaea, a Greek word that means “all earth.” It broke up over time, and the pieces have been drifting apart ever since. Wegener compared the drifting continents to icebergs. Wegener’s peers called his theory “utter rot!” Many scientists attacked him with rage and hostility. Wegener had two main problems. First, he was an unknown outsider, not a geologist, who was challenging everything that scientists believed at the time. Second, he was not able to explain what caused the continents to drift. While there seemed to be evidence to show that they had indeed moved, he could not identify a force that made it happen. About fifty years after Wegener proposed his theory, a scientist named Harry Hess made a discovery about sea floor spreading that seemed to support Wegener’s ideas. As a result, the theory of plate tectonics was finally accepted by most scientists.
Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. Explain the significance of Greenland in Wegener’s life. 2. What world record did Wegener set in 1906? 3. Why could Wegener be called an interdisciplinary scientist? Identify the fields of science of which he was knowledgeable. 4. Explain how the fossil of a small reptile provided evidence to help prove Wegener’s theory of drifting continents. 5. How did the discovery of coal deposits in England and Antarctica strengthen Wegener’s argument? 6. Research: In his search for evidence to support his theory of drifting continents, Wegener studied the rock strata in the Karroo section of South Africa and the Santa Catarina section of Brazil. He also studied the Appalachian Mountains in North America and the Scottish <strong>High</strong>lands. Use a library or the Internet to research these areas. What evidence do they provide for Wegener’s theory? Share your findings with the class. 7. What were the two main problems that Wegener faced when he tried to convince others that his theory of drifting continents was valid? 8. Research: Wegener and some colleagues drew maps of what they thought the world looked like at different times as the super continent broke up and the continents drifted apart. Use a library or the Internet to find pictures of these maps. Make a poster displaying Wegener’s vision of the world at: • 300 million years ago (Pangaea) • 225 million years ago (Permian period) • 200 million years ago (Triassic period) • 135 million years ago (Jurassic period) • 65 million years ago (Cretaceous period) • Today 19.2
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Chapter and Section Chapter 1: Meas
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Chapter and Section Chapter 5: Forc
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Chapter and Section Chapter 9: Heat
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Chapter and Section Chapter 14: Cha
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Chapter and Section Chapter 18: Ear
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Chapter and Section Chapter 24: Wav
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Name: Date: 1.1 Lab Safety What can
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Page 3 of 6 Safety quiz 1. Draw a d
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Page 5 of 6 c. You suddenly you beg
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Name: Date: 1.1 Using Your Textbook
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Page 2 of 3 The following prefixes
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Name: Date: 1.1 Scientific Notation
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Page 3 of 3 3. Write the numbers in
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Page 2 of 4 Example 1: Measuring ob
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Page 4 of 4 4. . Prefix Symbol Mult
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Name: Date: 1.2 Reading Strategies
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Name: Date: 1.2 Stopwatch Math What
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Name: Date: 1.2 Understanding Light
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Name: Date: 1.2 Indirect Measuremen
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Name: Date: 1.3 Dimensional Analysi
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Name: Date: Skill Builder Fractions
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Page 3 of 4 Solving fraction proble
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Name: Date: 1.3 Significant Digits
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Page 3 of 4 Follow these steps for
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Name: Date: 1.3 Study Notes This sk
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Name: Date: 1.3 Science Vocabulary
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Page 3 of 3 Using the table of pref
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Name: Date: 1.4 Creating Scatterplo
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Name: Date: 1.4 Recognizing Pattern
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Page 2 of 2 4. Measurements: List a
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Page 2 of 4 Recording valid observa
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Page 4 of 4 b. How did the student
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Page 2 of 3 Name: Lucy O. Date: Jan
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Name: Date: 2.2 Using Computer Spre
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Page 2 of 2 2. John notices that hi
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Name: Date: 3.1 Latitude and Longit
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Name: Date: 3.1 Map Scales Mapmaker
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Page 2 of 5 It’s time to go! 3.1
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Name: Date: 4.1 Vectors on a Map Yo
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Page 2 of 3 1. Draw a profile map o
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Name: Date: 3.3 Bathymetric Maps Im
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Name: Date: 4.1 Solving Equations w
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Page 3 of 4 Use the formula V = l
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Name: Date: 4.1 Problem Solving Box
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Name: Date: 4.1 Percent Error When
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Page 2 of 3 1. A bicyclist travels
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Name: Date: 4.1 Velocity Speed and
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Name: Date: 4.2 Calculating Slope f
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Name: Date: 4.2 Analyzing Graphs of
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Name: Date: 4.2 Analyzing Graphs of
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Name: Date: 4.3 Acceleration Accele
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Name: Date: 4.3 Acceleration and Sp
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Page 3 of 3 3. Graph 3: 4. Find acc
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Page 2 of 3 Example 1: How fast wil
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Name: Date: 5.1 Ratios and Proporti
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Name: Date: 5.1 Internet Research S
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Name: Date: 5.1 Preparing a Bibliog
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Name: Date: 5.1 Mass vs. Weight Wha
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Page 2 of 2 1. A physical science t
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Page 2 of 2 How much does it weigh
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Name: Date: 5.3 Equilibrium When al
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Name: Date: 6.1 Net Force and Newto
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Name: Date: 6.3 Applying Newton’s
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Name: Date: 6.3 Momentum Conservati
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Name: Date: 6.3 Collisions and Cons
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Name: Date: 6.3 Rate of Change of M
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Page 3 of 3 6. A 50.-g (0.050-kg) e
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Page 2 of 2 Example 3: A 500-newton
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Page 2 of 2 3. Now, calculate the g
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Name: Date: 7.2 Energy Transformati
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Name: Date: 7.2 Conservation of Ene
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Name: Date: 7.3 Power In science, w
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Name: Date: 7.3 Power in Flowing En
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Name: Date: 7.3 Efficiency and Ener
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Name: Date: 9.1 Using the Heat Equa
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Name: Date: 10.1 Measuring Mass wit
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Page 2 of 2 d. Explain how the disp
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Page 2 of 3 Calculating volume of a
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Name: Date: 10.1 Density The densit
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Name: Date: 10.3 Pressure in Fluids
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Name: Date: 10.3 Boyle’s Law The
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Name: Date: 10.4 Charles’s Law Ch
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Name: Date: 10.4 Archimedes 10.4 Ar
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Name: Date: 10.4 Narcís Monturiol
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Name: Date: 10.4 Archimedes’ Prin
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Name: Date: 11.1 Layers of the Atmo
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Page 2 of 3 Using temperature data
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Page 1 of 2 11.3 Joanne Simpson 11.
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Name: Date: 11.3 Weather Maps You h
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Name: Date: 11.3 Tracking a Hurrica
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Name: Date: 12.1 Structure of the A
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Name: Date: 12.1 Atoms and Isotopes
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Name: Date: 12.1 Ernest Rutherford
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Name: Date: 12.2 Electrons and Ener
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Name: Date: 14.1 The Avogadro Numbe
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Name: Date: 14.1 Formula Mass A che
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Name: Date: 14.2 Classifying Reacti
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Name: Date: 14.2 Percent Yield You
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Name: Date: 14.4 Lise Meitner Lise
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Name: Date: 14.4 Marie and Pierre C
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Page 335 and 336: Name: Date: 19.1 Earth’s Interior
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Page 363 and 364: Page 3 of 3 The influence of temper
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Name: Date: 25.3 Using Ray Diagrams
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Page 2 of 2 Which way does the ligh
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Name: Date: 26.1 Gravity Problems I
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Name: Date: 26.1 Universal Gravitat
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Page 1 of 2 26.1 Nicolaus Copernicu
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Page 1 of 2 26.1 Johannes Kepler 26
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Name: Date: 26.1 Measuring the Moon
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. B
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Page 2 of 2 Part 2: Provisions for
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Page 1 of 2 27.1 Arthur Walker 27.1
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Name: Date: 27.2 The Inverse Square
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Page 2 of 3 1. Fill in the missing
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Name: Date: 28.1 Understanding Ligh
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Name: Date: 28.1 Parsecs You have a
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Page 1 of 2 28.1 Edwin Hubble Edwin
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Name: Date: 28.2 Light Intensity Pr
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Page 2 of 2 If we know the brightne
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Page 2 of 2 Solving Doppler Shift P
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13. A decimeter is 100 times larger
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Skill Sheet 1.3: Significant Digits
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7. Yes, there is a relationship bet
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6. The slope is the same (2.0) unti
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13. S Sh—Sand and shells on the b
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10. 410 miles 11. 6.6 miles -------
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Skill Sheet 4.2: Analyzing Graphs o
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Skill Sheet 5.1: Mass, Weight, and
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Skill Sheet 6.3: Applying Newton’
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Skill Sheet 7.1: Mechanical Advanta
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8. The middle gear turns left. The
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Skill Sheet 7.3: Power in Flowing E
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Skill Sheet 10.1: Calculating volum
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3. Answers are: a. 100 cm 3 b. 13 N
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Skill Sheet 11.3: Weather Maps Samp
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a. b. c. d. e f. Skill Sheet 12.2:
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Skill Sheet 14.1: Chemical Equation
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must be blocking their insulin’s
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8. The current is approximately the
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7. Students can find information ab
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Skill Sheet 17.4: Electrical Power
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Skill Sheet 19.1: Charles Richter 1
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Practice 2: 1. First problem is don
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Skill Sheet 21.3: Calculating pH 1.
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Question 8 (con’t) 9. The new wav
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Skill Sheet 25.2: The Human Eye a.
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Skill Sheet 26.1: Nicolaus Copernic
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Skill Sheet 27.1: Arthur Walker 1.
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