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Page 2 of 2 Convert each number of light years to parsecs. 1. 6.00 light years 2. 4.50 × 10 6 light years 3. 4.00 × 10 -3 light years Convert each number of astronomical units to parsecs. 4. 5.25 × 10 6 AU 5. 100. AU 6. 11,300,000 AU Solve each problem using what you have learned. 7. The Milky Way galaxy is about 100,000 light years across. How large is this in parsecs? 8. The Andromeda galaxy is approximately 2,500,000 light years from Earth. How far is this in parsecs? 9. Regulus (one of the stars in the constellation Leo the Lion) is about 85 light years from Earth. How far is this in parsecs? 10. The average distance from the Sun to Pluto is approximately 29.6 astronomical units. How far is this in parsecs? 28.1
Page 1 of 2 28.1 Edwin Hubble Edwin Hubble was an accomplished academic that many astronomers credit with “discovering the universe.” A good student and even better athlete Edwin Hubble was born on November 29, 1889, in Marshfield, Missouri. His family moved to Chicago when he was ten years old. Hubble was an active, imaginative boy. He was an avid reader of science fiction. Jules Verne’s adventure novels were among his favorite stories. Science fascinated Hubble, and he loved the way Verne wove futuristic inventions and scientific content into stories that took the reader on voyages to some strange and exotic destinations. Hubble was a very good student and also an excellent athlete. In 1906 he set an Illinois state record for the high jump, and in that same season he took seven first place medals and one third place medal in a single high school track meet. Focus turns to academics Hubble continued his athletic success by participating in basketball and boxing at the University of Chicago. Eventually though, his studies became his primary focus. Hubble graduated with a bachelors degree in Mathematics and Astronomy in 1910. Hubble was selected as a Rhodes Scholar and spent the next three years at the University of Oxford, in England. Instead of continuing his studies in math and science, he decided to pursue a law degree. He completed the degree in 1913 and returned to the United States. He set up a law practice in Louisville, Kentucky. However, it was a short lived law career. Returning to Astronomy It took Hubble less than a year to become bored with his law practice, and he returned to the University of Chicago to study astronomy. He did much of his work at the Yerkes Observatory, and received his Ph.D. in astronomy in 1917. Hubble joined the army at this time and served a tour of duty in World War I. He attained the rank of Major. When he returned in 1919, he was offered a job by George Ellery Hale, the founder and director of Carnegie Institution's Mount Wilson Observatory, near Pasadena, California. 28.1 The best tool for the job The timing could not have been better. The 100-inch Hooker telescope, the world’s most powerful telescope at the time, had just been constructed. This telescope could easily focus images that were fuzzy, too dim, or too small to be seen clearly through other large telescopes. The Hooker telescope enabled Hubble to make some astounding discoveries. Astronomers had believed that the many large fuzzy patches they saw through their powerful telescopes were huge gas clouds within our own Milky Way galaxy. They called these fuzzy patches “nebulae,” a Greek word meaning “cloud.” Hubble’s observations in 1923 and 1924 proved that while a few of these fuzzy objects were inside our galaxy, most were in fact entire galaxies themselves, not only separate from the Milky Way but millions of light years away. This greatly enlarged the accepted size of the universe, which many scientists at the time believed was limited to the Milky Way alone. Another landmark discovery Hubble also used spectroscopy to study galaxies. He observed that galaxies’ spectral lines were shifting toward the red end of the spectrum, which meant they were moving away from each other. He showed that the farther away a galaxy was, the faster it was moving away from Earth. In 1929, Hubble and fellow astronomer Milton Humason announced that all observed galaxies are moving away from each other with a speed proportional to the distance between them. This became known as Hubble’s Law, and it proved that the universe was expanding. Albert Einstein visited Hubble and personally thanked him for this discovery, as it matched with Einstein’s calculations, providing observable evidence confirming his predictions. Hubble worked at the Wilson Observatory until his death in 1953. He is considered the father of modern cosmology. To honor him, scientists have named a space telescope, a crater on the moon, and an asteroid after him.
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Chapter and Section Chapter 1: Meas
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Chapter and Section Chapter 5: Forc
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Chapter and Section Chapter 9: Heat
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Chapter and Section Chapter 14: Cha
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Chapter and Section Chapter 18: Ear
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Chapter and Section Chapter 24: Wav
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Name: Date: 1.1 Lab Safety What can
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Page 3 of 6 Safety quiz 1. Draw a d
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Page 5 of 6 c. You suddenly you beg
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Name: Date: 1.1 Using Your Textbook
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Page 2 of 3 The following prefixes
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Name: Date: 1.1 Scientific Notation
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Page 3 of 3 3. Write the numbers in
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Page 2 of 4 Example 1: Measuring ob
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Page 4 of 4 4. . Prefix Symbol Mult
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Name: Date: 1.2 Reading Strategies
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Name: Date: 1.2 Stopwatch Math What
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Name: Date: 1.2 Understanding Light
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Name: Date: 1.2 Indirect Measuremen
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Name: Date: 1.3 Dimensional Analysi
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Name: Date: Skill Builder Fractions
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Page 3 of 4 Solving fraction proble
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Name: Date: 1.3 Significant Digits
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Page 3 of 4 Follow these steps for
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Name: Date: 1.3 Study Notes This sk
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Name: Date: 1.3 Science Vocabulary
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Page 3 of 3 Using the table of pref
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Page 2 of 2 5. Earth’s moon is co
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Page 2 of 3 When precise conversion
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Name: Date: 1.4 Creating Scatterplo
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Page 2 of 2 1.4 1. Given the variab
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Page 2 of 3 Step 3: Look at the ran
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Name: Date: 1.4 Recognizing Pattern
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Page 3 of 3 Answer the following qu
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Page 2 of 2 4. Measurements: List a
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Page 2 of 2 2. Your teacher shows y
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Page 2 of 4 Recording valid observa
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Page 4 of 4 b. How did the student
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Page 2 of 3 Name: Lucy O. Date: Jan
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Name: Date: 2.2 Using Computer Spre
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Page 3 of 3 5. The following data i
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Page 2 of 2 2. John notices that hi
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Name: Date: 3.1 Latitude and Longit
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Page 3 of 4 Use an atlas or globe t
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Name: Date: 3.1 Map Scales Mapmaker
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Page 3 of 3 f. Point Q to Point M g
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Page 2 of 5 It’s time to go! 3.1
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Name: Date: 4.1 Vectors on a Map Yo
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Page 2 of 3 1. Draw a profile map o
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Name: Date: 3.3 Bathymetric Maps Im
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Page 1 of 2 3.3 Tanya Atwater Tanya
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Name: Date: 4.1 Solving Equations w
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Page 3 of 4 Use the formula V = l
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Name: Date: 4.1 Problem Solving Box
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Page 2 of 3 In problems 6 and 7, yo
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Name: Date: 4.1 Percent Error When
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Page 3 of 3 1. The lab group conduc
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Page 2 of 3 1. A bicyclist travels
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Name: Date: 4.1 Velocity Speed and
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Name: Date: 4.2 Calculating Slope f
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Name: Date: 4.2 Analyzing Graphs of
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Page 3 of 4 1. For each position-ti
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Name: Date: 4.2 Analyzing Graphs of
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Name: Date: 4.3 Acceleration Accele
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Name: Date: 4.3 Acceleration and Sp
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Page 3 of 3 3. Graph 3: 4. Find acc
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Page 2 of 3 Example 1: How fast wil
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Name: Date: 5.1 Ratios and Proporti
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Name: Date: 5.1 Internet Research S
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Name: Date: 5.1 Preparing a Bibliog
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Name: Date: 5.1 Mass vs. Weight Wha
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Page 2 of 2 1. A physical science t
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Page 2 of 2 How much does it weigh
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Page 2 of 2 Answer the following pr
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Name: Date: 5.3 Equilibrium When al
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Name: Date: 6.1 Net Force and Newto
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. I
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Name: Date: 6.3 Applying Newton’s
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Name: Date: 6.3 Momentum Conservati
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Name: Date: 6.3 Collisions and Cons
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Name: Date: 6.3 Rate of Change of M
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Page 3 of 3 6. A 50.-g (0.050-kg) e
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Page 2 of 2 1. A machine uses an in
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Page 2 of 2 Example 3: A 500-newton
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Page 2 of 2 7. You pull your sled t
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Page 2 of 2 The relationship betwee
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Page 2 of 2 6. Use the gear ratio f
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Page 2 of 2 The three classes of le
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Page 2 of 2 3. Now, calculate the g
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Page 2 of 2 To do this calculation,
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Name: Date: 7.2 Energy Transformati
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Name: Date: 7.2 Conservation of Ene
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. W
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Name: Date: 7.3 Power In science, w
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Name: Date: 7.3 Power in Flowing En
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Name: Date: 7.3 Efficiency and Ener
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Page 2 of 2 Reading the temperature
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Page 2 of 4 1. For each of the prob
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Page 4 of 4 1. Surface temperatures
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Page 2 of 2 The graph below shows a
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Name: Date: 9.1 Using the Heat Equa
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Name: Date: 10.1 Measuring Mass wit
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Page 3 of 3 Reading the balance cor
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Page 2 of 2 d. Explain how the disp
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Page 2 of 3 Calculating volume of a
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Name: Date: 10.1 Density The densit
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Name: Date: 10.3 Pressure in Fluids
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Name: Date: 10.3 Boyle’s Law The
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Name: Date: 10.4 Charles’s Law Ch
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Name: Date: 10.4 Archimedes 10.4 Ar
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Name: Date: 10.4 Narcís Monturiol
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Name: Date: 10.4 Archimedes’ Prin
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Name: Date: 11.1 Layers of the Atmo
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. H
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Page 2 of 3 Using temperature data
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Page 1 of 2 11.3 Joanne Simpson 11.
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Name: Date: 11.3 Weather Maps You h
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Name: Date: 11.3 Tracking a Hurrica
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Page 3 of 4 Hurricane Andrew crosse
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Name: Date: 12.1 Structure of the A
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Name: Date: 12.1 Atoms and Isotopes
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Name: Date: 12.1 Ernest Rutherford
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Name: Date: 12.2 Electrons and Ener
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Page 2 of 2 Periodic Table Groups T
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Page 2 of 2 Using dot diagrams to r
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Page 2 of 2 13.2 Important note: If
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Page 2 of 2 Example 2: Aluminum and
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Page 2 of 2 13.2 Predict the name o
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Page 2 of 2 Using the information i
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Page 2 of 3 Conservation of atoms T
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Name: Date: 14.1 The Avogadro Numbe
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Page 3 of 4 Substance Elements in s
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Name: Date: 14.1 Formula Mass A che
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Name: Date: 14.2 Classifying Reacti
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Name: Date: 14.2 Predicting Chemica
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Name: Date: 14.2 Percent Yield You
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Name: Date: 14.4 Lise Meitner Lise
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Name: Date: 14.4 Marie and Pierre C
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. R
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. U
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Page 2 of 2 1. The decay series for
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. Page 2 of 3 i. Switches 2, 3, and
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Name: Date: 16.1 Benjamin Franklin
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Name: Date: 16.2 Using an Electric
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Page 3 of 4 Build a series circuit
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Name: Date: 16.3 Voltage, Current,
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Page 3 of 3 Now you will have the o
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Page 2 of 2 7. How much voltage wou
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Page 2 of 2 5. Use the series circu
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Page 2 of 2 In part (d) of problems
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. N
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Page 2 of 2 7. The directions—nor
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Page 2 of 2 6. Repeat step 5 to for
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Page 2 of 2 A transformer steps dow
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Page 2 of 2 4. Calculate the power
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Page 2 of 4 Determining the relativ
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Page 4 of 4 Extension—Creating cl
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. N
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Name: Date: 19.1 Earth’s Interior
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. L
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Name: Date: 19.4 Continental United
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Page 3 of 4 When a mountain is form
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Name: Date: 20.1 Averaging The most
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Page 2 of 5 Locating the epicenter
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Page 4 of 5 20.1 For each of the pr
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Name: Date: 20.2 Volcano Parts 20.2
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Name: Date: 21.2 Calculating Concen
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Name: Date: 21.2 Solubility In this
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Page 3 of 3 The influence of temper
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Page 2 of 3 Work through these exam
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Name: Date: 21.3 Calculating pH The
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Name: Date: 22.1 Groundwater and We
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Page 3 of 3 Testing the model: 1. W
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Name: Date: 24.1 Period and Frequen
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Page 2 of 2 2. Use the grids below
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Page 2 of 2 2. Use the grids below
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Page 2 of 3 x-axis (blocks) Height
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Page 383 and 384: Page 2 of 2 a. ____________________
Page 385 and 386: Page 2 of 2 2. Two students want to
Page 387 and 388: Name: Date: 24.3 Palm Pipes Project
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Page 391 and 392: Page 2 of 2 Answer the following pr
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Page 397 and 398: Name: Date: 25.3 Using Ray Diagrams
Page 399 and 400: Page 2 of 2 2. Light strikes a mirr
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Page 405 and 406: Name: Date: 26.1 Gravity Problems I
Page 407 and 408: Name: Date: 26.1 Universal Gravitat
Page 409 and 410: Page 1 of 2 26.1 Nicolaus Copernicu
Page 411 and 412: Page 1 of 2 26.1 Galileo Galilei Ga
Page 413 and 414: Page 1 of 2 26.1 Johannes Kepler 26
Page 415 and 416: Name: Date: 26.1 Measuring the Moon
Page 417 and 418: Page 3 of 3 Semi-Circle Card: 26.1
Page 419 and 420: Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. B
Page 421 and 422: Page 2 of 2 Part 2: Provisions for
Page 423 and 424: Page 1 of 2 27.1 Arthur Walker 27.1
Page 425 and 426: Name: Date: 27.2 The Inverse Square
Page 427 and 428: Page 2 of 3 1. Fill in the missing
Page 429 and 430: Name: Date: 28.1 Understanding Ligh
Page 431: Name: Date: 28.1 Parsecs You have a
Page 435 and 436: Name: Date: 28.2 Light Intensity Pr
Page 437 and 438: Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. H
Page 439 and 440: Page 2 of 2 If we know the brightne
Page 441 and 442: Page 2 of 2 Solving Doppler Shift P
Page 443 and 444: 13. A decimeter is 100 times larger
Page 445 and 446: Skill Sheet 1.3: Significant Digits
Page 447 and 448: 7. Yes, there is a relationship bet
Page 449 and 450: 6. The slope is the same (2.0) unti
Page 451 and 452: 13. S Sh—Sand and shells on the b
Page 453 and 454: 10. 410 miles 11. 6.6 miles -------
Page 455 and 456: Skill Sheet 4.2: Analyzing Graphs o
Page 457 and 458: Skill Sheet 5.1: Mass, Weight, and
Page 459 and 460: Skill Sheet 6.3: Applying Newton’
Page 461 and 462: Skill Sheet 7.1: Mechanical Advanta
Page 463 and 464: 8. The middle gear turns left. The
Page 465 and 466: Skill Sheet 7.3: Power in Flowing E
Page 467 and 468: Skill Sheet 10.1: Calculating volum
Page 469 and 470: 3. Answers are: a. 100 cm 3 b. 13 N
Page 471 and 472: Skill Sheet 11.3: Weather Maps Samp
Page 473 and 474: a. b. c. d. e f. Skill Sheet 12.2:
Page 475 and 476: Skill Sheet 14.1: Chemical Equation
Page 477 and 478: must be blocking their insulin’s
Page 479 and 480: 8. The current is approximately the
Page 481 and 482: 7. Students can find information ab
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Skill Sheet 17.4: Electrical Power
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Skill Sheet 19.1: Charles Richter 1
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Practice 2: 1. First problem is don
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Skill Sheet 21.3: Calculating pH 1.
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Question 8 (con’t) 9. The new wav
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Skill Sheet 25.2: The Human Eye a.
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Skill Sheet 26.1: Nicolaus Copernic
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Skill Sheet 27.1: Arthur Walker 1.
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