PES Skill Sheets.book - Capital High School

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Name: Date: 28.2 Calculating Luminosity You have learned that in order to understand stars, astronomers want to know their luminosity. Luminosity describes how much light is coming from the star each second. Luminosity can be measured in watts (W). Measuring the luminosity of something as far away as a star is difficult to do. However, we can measure its brightness. Brightness describes the amount of the star’s light that reaches a square meter of Earth each second. Brightness is measured in watts/square meter (W/m 2 ). The brightness of a star depends on its luminosity and its distance from Earth. A star, like a light bulb, radiates light in all directions. Imagine that you are standing one meter away from an ordinary 100-watt incandescent light bulb. These light bulbs are about ten percent efficient. That means only ten percent of the 100 watts of electrical power is used to produce light. The rest is wasted as heat. So the luminosity of the bulb is about ten percent of 100 watts, or around 10 watts. The brightness of this bulb is the same at all points one meter away from the bulb. All those points together form a sphere with a radius of one meter, surrounding the bulb. If you want to find the brightness of that bulb, you take the luminosity (10 watts) and divide it by the amount of surface area it has to cover—the surface area of the sphere. So, the formula for brightness is: brightness The brightness of the bulb at a distance of one meter is: 10 watts 4π(1 meter) 2 ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------luminosityluminosity surface area of sphere 4π( radius) 2 = = ---------------------------- 10 watts 12.6 meter 2 --------------------------- 0.79 W/m 2 = = Notice that the radius in the equation is the same as the distance from the bulb to the point at which we’re measuring brightness. If you were standing 10 meters away from the bulb, you would use 10 for the radius in the equation. The surface area of your sphere would be 4π(100) or 1, 256 square meters! The same 10 watts of light energy is now spread over a much larger surface. Each square meter receives just 0.008 watts of light energy. Can you see why distance has such a huge impact on brightness? 28.2
Page 2 of 2 If we know the brightness and the distance, we can calculate luminosity by rearranging the equation: luminosity brightness × surface area of sphere brightness 4π(distance) 2 = = × This is the same formula that astronomers use to calculate the luminosity of stars. You are standing 5 meters away from another incandescent light bulb. Using a light-meter, you measure its brightness at that distance to be 0.019 watts/meter 2 . Calculate the luminosity of the bulb. Assuming this bulb is also about ten percent efficient, estimate how much electric power it uses (this is the wattage printed on the bulb). Step 1: Plug the known values into the formula: 0.019 watts luminosity meter 2 -------------------------- 4π( 5 meters) 2 = × ---------------------------------- 1 Step 2: Solve for luminosity: Step 3: If the bulb is only about ten percent efficient, the electric power used must be about ten times the luminosity. The bulb must use about 10 × 6 watts, or 60 watts, of electric power. 1. Ten meters away from a flood lamp, you measure its brightness to be 0.024 W/m 2 . What is the luminosity of the flood lamp? What is the electrical power rating listed on the bulb, assuming it is ten percent efficient? 2. You hold your light-meter a distance of one meter from the light bulb in your refrigerator. You measure the brightness to be 0.079 W/m 2 . What is the luminosity of this light bulb? What is its power rating, assuming it is ten percent efficient? 3. Challenge: Finding the luminosity of the sun. You can use the same formula to calculate the luminosity of the sun. Astronomers have measured the average brightness of the sun at the top of Earth’s atmosphere to be 1,370 W/m 2 . This quantity is known as the solar constant. We also know that the distance from Earth to the sun is 150 billion meters (or 1.5 × 10 11 meters). What is the luminosity of the sun? luminosity = 0.019 × 100π watts= 6 watts Hints: 1. You may wish to rewrite the solar constant as 1.370 × 103 W/m2 . 2. (10 11 ) 2 is the same as 1011 × 1011 . To find the product, add the exponents. 3. Don’t forget to find the square of 1.5! 28.2
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Chapter and Section Chapter 1: Meas
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Chapter and Section Chapter 5: Forc
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Chapter and Section Chapter 9: Heat
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Chapter and Section Chapter 14: Cha
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Chapter and Section Chapter 18: Ear
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Chapter and Section Chapter 24: Wav
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Name: Date: 1.1 Lab Safety What can
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Name: Date: 1.1 Using Your Textbook
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Name: Date: 1.1 Scientific Notation
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Name: Date: 1.2 Reading Strategies
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Name: Date: 1.2 Understanding Light
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Name: Date: 1.2 Indirect Measuremen
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Name: Date: 1.3 Dimensional Analysi
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Name: Date: Skill Builder Fractions
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Page 3 of 4 Solving fraction proble
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Name: Date: 1.3 Significant Digits
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Name: Date: 1.3 Science Vocabulary
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Name: Date: 1.4 Recognizing Pattern
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Name: Date: 2.2 Using Computer Spre
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Name: Date: 3.1 Latitude and Longit
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Name: Date: 4.1 Vectors on a Map Yo
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Name: Date: 3.3 Bathymetric Maps Im
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Name: Date: 4.1 Solving Equations w
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Page 3 of 4 Use the formula V = l
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Name: Date: 4.1 Problem Solving Box
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Name: Date: 4.1 Percent Error When
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Name: Date: 4.1 Velocity Speed and
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Name: Date: 4.2 Calculating Slope f
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Name: Date: 4.2 Analyzing Graphs of
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Name: Date: 4.2 Analyzing Graphs of
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Name: Date: 4.3 Acceleration Accele
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Name: Date: 4.3 Acceleration and Sp
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Name: Date: 5.1 Ratios and Proporti
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Name: Date: 5.1 Internet Research S
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Name: Date: 5.1 Preparing a Bibliog
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Name: Date: 5.1 Mass vs. Weight Wha
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Page 2 of 2 How much does it weigh
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Name: Date: 5.3 Equilibrium When al
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Name: Date: 6.1 Net Force and Newto
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. I
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Name: Date: 6.3 Applying Newton’s
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Name: Date: 6.3 Momentum Conservati
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Name: Date: 6.3 Rate of Change of M
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Page 3 of 3 6. A 50.-g (0.050-kg) e
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Name: Date: 7.2 Energy Transformati
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Name: Date: 7.2 Conservation of Ene
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. W
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Name: Date: 7.3 Power In science, w
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Name: Date: 7.3 Power in Flowing En
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Name: Date: 7.3 Efficiency and Ener
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Name: Date: 9.1 Using the Heat Equa
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Name: Date: 10.1 Measuring Mass wit
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Name: Date: 10.1 Density The densit
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Name: Date: 10.3 Pressure in Fluids
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Name: Date: 10.3 Boyle’s Law The
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Name: Date: 10.4 Charles’s Law Ch
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Name: Date: 10.4 Archimedes 10.4 Ar
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Name: Date: 10.4 Narcís Monturiol
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Name: Date: 10.4 Archimedes’ Prin
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Name: Date: 11.1 Layers of the Atmo
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. H
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Page 1 of 2 11.3 Joanne Simpson 11.
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Name: Date: 11.3 Weather Maps You h
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Name: Date: 11.3 Tracking a Hurrica
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Name: Date: 12.1 Structure of the A
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Name: Date: 12.1 Atoms and Isotopes
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Name: Date: 12.1 Ernest Rutherford
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Name: Date: 14.1 The Avogadro Numbe
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Name: Date: 14.1 Formula Mass A che
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Name: Date: 14.2 Classifying Reacti
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Name: Date: 14.2 Percent Yield You
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Name: Date: 14.4 Lise Meitner Lise
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Name: Date: 16.1 Benjamin Franklin
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Name: Date: 16.2 Using an Electric
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Page 3 of 4 Build a series circuit
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Name: Date: 16.3 Voltage, Current,
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Page 2 of 4 Determining the relativ
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Name: Date: 19.1 Earth’s Interior
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Name: Date: 19.4 Continental United
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Name: Date: 20.1 Averaging The most
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Page 2 of 5 Locating the epicenter
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Name: Date: 20.2 Volcano Parts 20.2
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Name: Date: 21.2 Calculating Concen
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Name: Date: 21.2 Solubility In this
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Page 3 of 3 The influence of temper
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Name: Date: 21.3 Calculating pH The
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Name: Date: 22.1 Groundwater and We
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Page 3 of 3 Testing the model: 1. W
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Name: Date: 24.1 Period and Frequen
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Page 2 of 2 2. Use the grids below
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Name: Date: 24.3 Decibel Scale The
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Page 2 of 2 2. Two students want to
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Page 405 and 406: Name: Date: 26.1 Gravity Problems I
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Page 409 and 410: Page 1 of 2 26.1 Nicolaus Copernicu
Page 411 and 412: Page 1 of 2 26.1 Galileo Galilei Ga
Page 413 and 414: Page 1 of 2 26.1 Johannes Kepler 26
Page 415 and 416: Name: Date: 26.1 Measuring the Moon
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Page 423 and 424: Page 1 of 2 27.1 Arthur Walker 27.1
Page 425 and 426: Name: Date: 27.2 The Inverse Square
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Page 433 and 434: Page 1 of 2 28.1 Edwin Hubble Edwin
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Page 437: Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. H
Page 441 and 442: Page 2 of 2 Solving Doppler Shift P
Page 443 and 444: 13. A decimeter is 100 times larger
Page 445 and 446: Skill Sheet 1.3: Significant Digits
Page 447 and 448: 7. Yes, there is a relationship bet
Page 449 and 450: 6. The slope is the same (2.0) unti
Page 451 and 452: 13. S Sh—Sand and shells on the b
Page 453 and 454: 10. 410 miles 11. 6.6 miles -------
Page 455 and 456: Skill Sheet 4.2: Analyzing Graphs o
Page 457 and 458: Skill Sheet 5.1: Mass, Weight, and
Page 459 and 460: Skill Sheet 6.3: Applying Newton’
Page 461 and 462: Skill Sheet 7.1: Mechanical Advanta
Page 463 and 464: 8. The middle gear turns left. The
Page 465 and 466: Skill Sheet 7.3: Power in Flowing E
Page 467 and 468: Skill Sheet 10.1: Calculating volum
Page 469 and 470: 3. Answers are: a. 100 cm 3 b. 13 N
Page 471 and 472: Skill Sheet 11.3: Weather Maps Samp
Page 473 and 474: a. b. c. d. e f. Skill Sheet 12.2:
Page 475 and 476: Skill Sheet 14.1: Chemical Equation
Page 477 and 478: must be blocking their insulin’s
Page 479 and 480: 8. The current is approximately the
Page 481 and 482: 7. Students can find information ab
Page 483 and 484: Skill Sheet 17.4: Electrical Power
Page 485 and 486: Skill Sheet 19.1: Charles Richter 1
Page 487 and 488: Practice 2: 1. First problem is don
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Skill Sheet 21.3: Calculating pH 1.
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Question 8 (con’t) 9. The new wav
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Skill Sheet 25.2: The Human Eye a.
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Skill Sheet 26.1: Nicolaus Copernic
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Skill Sheet 27.1: Arthur Walker 1.
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