PES Skill Sheets.book - Capital High School

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Name: Date: 25.3 Refraction 25.3 When light rays cross from one material to another they bend. This bending is called refraction. Refraction is a useful phenomenon. All kinds of optics, from glasses to camera lenses to binoculars depend on refraction. If you are standing on the shore looking at a fish in a stream, the fish appears to be in a slightly different place than it really is. That’s because light rays that bounce off the fish are refracted at the boundary between water and air. If you are a hunter trying to spear this fish, you better know about this phenomenon or the fish will get away. Why do the light rays bend as they cross from water into air? A light ray bends because light travels at different speeds in different materials. In a vacuum, light travels at a speed of 3 × 10 8 m/s. But when light travels through a material, it is absorbed and re-emitted by each atom or molecule it hits. This process of absorption and emission slows the light ray’s speed. We experience this slowdown as a bend in the light ray. The greater the difference in the light ray’s speed through two different materials, the greater the bend in the path of the ray. The index of refraction (n) for a material is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material. speed of light in a vacuum Index of refraction = speed of light in a material The index of refraction for some common materials is given below: Material Index of refraction (n) Vacuum 1.0 Air 1.0001 Water 1.33 Glass 1.5 Diamond 2.42 1. Could the index of refraction for a material ever be less than 1.0? Explain. 2. Explain why the index of refraction for air (a gas) is smaller than the index of refraction for a solid like glass. 3. Calculate the speed of light in water, glass, and diamond using the index of refraction and the speed of light in a vacuum (3 × 10 8 m/s). 4. When a light ray moves from water into air, does it slow down or speed up? 5. When a light ray moves from water into glass, does it slow down or speed up?
Page 2 of 2 Which way does the light ray bend? Now let’s look at some ray diagrams showing refraction. To make a refraction ray diagram, draw a solid line to show the boundary between the two materials (water and air in this case). Arrows are used to represent the incident and refracted light rays. The normal is a dashed line drawn perpendicular to the boundary between the surfaces. It starts at the point where the incident ray hits the boundary. As you can see, the light ray is bent toward the normal as it crosses from air into water. Light rays always bend toward the normal when they move from a low-n to a high-n material. The opposite occurs when light rays travel from a high-n to a low-n material. These light rays bend away from the normal. The amount of bending that occurs depends on the difference in the index of refraction of the two materials. A large difference in n causes a greater bend than a small difference. 1. A light ray moves from water (n = 1.33) to a transparent plastic (polystyrene n = 1.59). Will the light ray bend toward or away from the normal? 2. A light ray moves from sapphire (n = 1.77) to air (n = 1.0001). Does the light ray bend toward or away from the normal? 3. Which light ray will be bent more, one moving from diamond (n = 2.42) to water (n = 1.33), or a ray moving from sapphire (n = 1.77) to air (n = 1.0001)? 4. Material Index of refraction (n) Helium 1.00004 Water 1.33 Emerald 1.58 Cubic Zirconia 2.17 The diagrams below show light traveling from water (A) into another material (B). Using the chart above, label material B for each diagram as helium, water, emerald, or cubic zirconia. 25.3
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Chapter and Section Chapter 1: Meas
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Chapter and Section Chapter 5: Forc
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Chapter and Section Chapter 9: Heat
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Chapter and Section Chapter 14: Cha
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Chapter and Section Chapter 18: Ear
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Chapter and Section Chapter 24: Wav
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Name: Date: 1.1 Lab Safety What can
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Page 3 of 6 Safety quiz 1. Draw a d
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Page 5 of 6 c. You suddenly you beg
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Name: Date: 1.1 Using Your Textbook
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Page 2 of 3 The following prefixes
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Name: Date: 1.1 Scientific Notation
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Page 3 of 3 3. Write the numbers in
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Page 2 of 4 Example 1: Measuring ob
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Page 4 of 4 4. . Prefix Symbol Mult
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Name: Date: 1.2 Reading Strategies
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Name: Date: 1.2 Stopwatch Math What
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Name: Date: 1.2 Understanding Light
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Name: Date: 1.2 Indirect Measuremen
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Name: Date: 1.3 Dimensional Analysi
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Name: Date: Skill Builder Fractions
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Page 3 of 4 Solving fraction proble
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Name: Date: 1.3 Significant Digits
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Page 3 of 4 Follow these steps for
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Name: Date: 1.3 Study Notes This sk
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Name: Date: 1.3 Science Vocabulary
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Page 3 of 3 Using the table of pref
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Page 2 of 2 5. Earth’s moon is co
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Page 2 of 3 When precise conversion
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Name: Date: 1.4 Creating Scatterplo
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Page 2 of 2 1.4 1. Given the variab
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Page 2 of 3 Step 3: Look at the ran
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Name: Date: 1.4 Recognizing Pattern
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Page 3 of 3 Answer the following qu
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Page 2 of 2 4. Measurements: List a
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Page 2 of 2 2. Your teacher shows y
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Page 2 of 4 Recording valid observa
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Page 4 of 4 b. How did the student
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Page 2 of 3 Name: Lucy O. Date: Jan
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Name: Date: 2.2 Using Computer Spre
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Page 3 of 3 5. The following data i
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Page 2 of 2 2. John notices that hi
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Name: Date: 3.1 Latitude and Longit
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Page 3 of 4 Use an atlas or globe t
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Name: Date: 3.1 Map Scales Mapmaker
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Page 3 of 3 f. Point Q to Point M g
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Page 2 of 5 It’s time to go! 3.1
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Page 4 of 5 37. Now you will head t
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Name: Date: 4.1 Vectors on a Map Yo
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Page 2 of 3 1. Draw a profile map o
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Name: Date: 3.3 Bathymetric Maps Im
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Page 1 of 2 3.3 Tanya Atwater Tanya
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Name: Date: 4.1 Solving Equations w
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Page 3 of 4 Use the formula V = l
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Name: Date: 4.1 Problem Solving Box
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Page 2 of 3 In problems 6 and 7, yo
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Name: Date: 4.1 Percent Error When
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Page 3 of 3 1. The lab group conduc
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Page 2 of 3 1. A bicyclist travels
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Name: Date: 4.1 Velocity Speed and
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Name: Date: 4.2 Calculating Slope f
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Name: Date: 4.2 Analyzing Graphs of
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Page 3 of 4 1. For each position-ti
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Name: Date: 4.2 Analyzing Graphs of
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Name: Date: 4.3 Acceleration Accele
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Name: Date: 4.3 Acceleration and Sp
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Page 3 of 3 3. Graph 3: 4. Find acc
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Page 2 of 3 Example 1: How fast wil
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Name: Date: 5.1 Ratios and Proporti
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Name: Date: 5.1 Internet Research S
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Name: Date: 5.1 Preparing a Bibliog
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Name: Date: 5.1 Mass vs. Weight Wha
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Page 2 of 2 1. A physical science t
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Page 2 of 2 How much does it weigh
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Page 2 of 2 Answer the following pr
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Name: Date: 5.3 Equilibrium When al
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Name: Date: 6.1 Net Force and Newto
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. I
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Name: Date: 6.3 Applying Newton’s
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Name: Date: 6.3 Momentum Conservati
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Name: Date: 6.3 Collisions and Cons
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Name: Date: 6.3 Rate of Change of M
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Page 3 of 3 6. A 50.-g (0.050-kg) e
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Page 2 of 2 1. A machine uses an in
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Page 2 of 2 Example 3: A 500-newton
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Page 2 of 2 7. You pull your sled t
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Page 2 of 2 The relationship betwee
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Page 2 of 2 6. Use the gear ratio f
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Page 2 of 2 The three classes of le
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Page 2 of 2 3. Now, calculate the g
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Page 2 of 2 To do this calculation,
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Name: Date: 7.2 Energy Transformati
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Name: Date: 7.2 Conservation of Ene
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. W
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Name: Date: 7.3 Power In science, w
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Name: Date: 7.3 Power in Flowing En
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Name: Date: 7.3 Efficiency and Ener
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Page 2 of 2 Reading the temperature
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Page 2 of 4 1. For each of the prob
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Page 4 of 4 1. Surface temperatures
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Page 2 of 2 The graph below shows a
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Name: Date: 9.1 Using the Heat Equa
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Name: Date: 10.1 Measuring Mass wit
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Page 3 of 3 Reading the balance cor
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Page 2 of 2 d. Explain how the disp
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Page 2 of 3 Calculating volume of a
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Name: Date: 10.1 Density The densit
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Name: Date: 10.3 Pressure in Fluids
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Name: Date: 10.3 Boyle’s Law The
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Name: Date: 10.4 Charles’s Law Ch
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Name: Date: 10.4 Archimedes 10.4 Ar
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Name: Date: 10.4 Narcís Monturiol
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Name: Date: 10.4 Archimedes’ Prin
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Name: Date: 11.1 Layers of the Atmo
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. H
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Page 2 of 3 Using temperature data
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Page 1 of 2 11.3 Joanne Simpson 11.
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Name: Date: 11.3 Weather Maps You h
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Name: Date: 11.3 Tracking a Hurrica
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Page 3 of 4 Hurricane Andrew crosse
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Name: Date: 12.1 Structure of the A
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Name: Date: 12.1 Atoms and Isotopes
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Name: Date: 12.1 Ernest Rutherford
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Name: Date: 12.2 Electrons and Ener
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Page 2 of 2 Periodic Table Groups T
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Page 2 of 2 Using dot diagrams to r
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Page 2 of 2 13.2 Important note: If
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Page 2 of 2 Example 2: Aluminum and
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Page 2 of 2 13.2 Predict the name o
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Page 2 of 2 Using the information i
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Page 2 of 3 Conservation of atoms T
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Name: Date: 14.1 The Avogadro Numbe
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Page 3 of 4 Substance Elements in s
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Name: Date: 14.1 Formula Mass A che
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Name: Date: 14.2 Classifying Reacti
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Name: Date: 14.2 Predicting Chemica
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Name: Date: 14.2 Percent Yield You
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Name: Date: 14.4 Lise Meitner Lise
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Name: Date: 14.4 Marie and Pierre C
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. R
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. U
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Page 2 of 2 1. The decay series for
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. Page 2 of 3 i. Switches 2, 3, and
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Name: Date: 16.1 Benjamin Franklin
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Name: Date: 16.2 Using an Electric
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Page 3 of 4 Build a series circuit
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Name: Date: 16.3 Voltage, Current,
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Page 3 of 3 Now you will have the o
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Page 2 of 2 7. How much voltage wou
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Page 2 of 2 5. Use the series circu
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Page 2 of 2 In part (d) of problems
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. N
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Page 2 of 2 7. The directions—nor
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Page 2 of 2 6. Repeat step 5 to for
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Page 2 of 2 A transformer steps dow
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Page 2 of 2 4. Calculate the power
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Page 2 of 4 Determining the relativ
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Page 4 of 4 Extension—Creating cl
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Name: Date: 19.1 Earth’s Interior
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Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. L
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Name: Date: 19.4 Continental United
Page 349 and 350: Page 3 of 4 When a mountain is form
Page 351 and 352: Name: Date: 20.1 Averaging The most
Page 353 and 354: Page 2 of 5 Locating the epicenter
Page 355 and 356: Page 4 of 5 20.1 For each of the pr
Page 357 and 358: Name: Date: 20.2 Volcano Parts 20.2
Page 359 and 360: Name: Date: 21.2 Calculating Concen
Page 361 and 362: Name: Date: 21.2 Solubility In this
Page 363 and 364: Page 3 of 3 The influence of temper
Page 365 and 366: Page 2 of 3 Work through these exam
Page 367 and 368: Name: Date: 21.3 Calculating pH The
Page 369 and 370: Name: Date: 22.1 Groundwater and We
Page 371 and 372: Page 3 of 3 Testing the model: 1. W
Page 373 and 374: Name: Date: 24.1 Period and Frequen
Page 375 and 376: Page 2 of 2 2. Use the grids below
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Page 381 and 382: Name: Date: 24.3 Decibel Scale The
Page 383 and 384: Page 2 of 2 a. ____________________
Page 385 and 386: Page 2 of 2 2. Two students want to
Page 387 and 388: Name: Date: 24.3 Palm Pipes Project
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Page 391 and 392: Page 2 of 2 Answer the following pr
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Page 397 and 398: Name: Date: 25.3 Using Ray Diagrams
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Page 405 and 406: Name: Date: 26.1 Gravity Problems I
Page 407 and 408: Name: Date: 26.1 Universal Gravitat
Page 409 and 410: Page 1 of 2 26.1 Nicolaus Copernicu
Page 411 and 412: Page 1 of 2 26.1 Galileo Galilei Ga
Page 413 and 414: Page 1 of 2 26.1 Johannes Kepler 26
Page 415 and 416: Name: Date: 26.1 Measuring the Moon
Page 417 and 418: Page 3 of 3 Semi-Circle Card: 26.1
Page 419 and 420: Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. B
Page 421 and 422: Page 2 of 2 Part 2: Provisions for
Page 423 and 424: Page 1 of 2 27.1 Arthur Walker 27.1
Page 425 and 426: Name: Date: 27.2 The Inverse Square
Page 427 and 428: Page 2 of 3 1. Fill in the missing
Page 429 and 430: Name: Date: 28.1 Understanding Ligh
Page 431 and 432: Name: Date: 28.1 Parsecs You have a
Page 433 and 434: Page 1 of 2 28.1 Edwin Hubble Edwin
Page 435 and 436: Name: Date: 28.2 Light Intensity Pr
Page 437 and 438: Page 2 of 2 Reading reflection 1. H
Page 439 and 440: Page 2 of 2 If we know the brightne
Page 441 and 442: Page 2 of 2 Solving Doppler Shift P
Page 443 and 444: 13. A decimeter is 100 times larger
Page 445 and 446: Skill Sheet 1.3: Significant Digits
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13. S Sh—Sand and shells on the b
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10. 410 miles 11. 6.6 miles -------
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Skill Sheet 4.2: Analyzing Graphs o
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Skill Sheet 5.1: Mass, Weight, and
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Skill Sheet 6.3: Applying Newton’
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Skill Sheet 7.1: Mechanical Advanta
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8. The middle gear turns left. The
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Skill Sheet 7.3: Power in Flowing E
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Skill Sheet 10.1: Calculating volum
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3. Answers are: a. 100 cm 3 b. 13 N
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Skill Sheet 11.3: Weather Maps Samp
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a. b. c. d. e f. Skill Sheet 12.2:
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Skill Sheet 14.1: Chemical Equation
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must be blocking their insulin’s
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8. The current is approximately the
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7. Students can find information ab
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Skill Sheet 17.4: Electrical Power
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Skill Sheet 19.1: Charles Richter 1
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Practice 2: 1. First problem is don
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Skill Sheet 21.3: Calculating pH 1.
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Question 8 (con’t) 9. The new wav
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Skill Sheet 25.2: The Human Eye a.
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Skill Sheet 26.1: Nicolaus Copernic
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Skill Sheet 27.1: Arthur Walker 1.
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