Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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impacts on Earth have played in mass extinction events, and they still pose a modern day hazard. “How have the myriad chemical and physical properties that shaped the solar system operated, interacted, and evolved over time?” is a question that is directly addressed by the study of their role in accretion and subsequent bombardment through time, in particular as these bodies are believed to have served an important role in delivering organic materials and water to the inner planets, particularly Earth. and SCIENCE GOALS FOR THE STUDY OF PRIMITIVE BODIES The goals for research on primitive bodies for the next decade are twofold: • Decipher the record in primitive bodies of epochs and processes not obtainable elsewhere, • Understand the role of primitive bodies as building blocks for planets and life. DECIPHER THE RECORD IN PRIMITIVE BODIES OF EPOCHS AND PROCESSES NOT OBTAINED ELSEWHERE Primitive bodies, be they asteroids, comets, KBOs, possibly the martian moons, meteorites or IDPs—are thought to have formed earlier than the planets in the hierarchical assembly of solar system bodies. Because they witnessed, or participated in, many of the formative processes in the early solar nebula, they can provide unique constraints on physical conditions and cosmochemical abundances. Such constraints come, in part, from observations and remote-sensing measurements made from nearby spacecraft. Because we can visit only a small number of the myriad, highly diverse primitive bodies, we must also observe them using Earth-based telescopes. Constraints on nebular processes, as well as absolute dating of events in the early solar system, also come from laboratory analyses of samples of these bodies, whether collected and returned to Earth by spacecraft missions or obtained by the vagaries of celestial mechanics. The least-processed of these samples contain small amounts of tiny presolar grains, whose properties and compositions constrain astrophysical processes that predate the solar system. TABLE 4.1 Major Accomplishments by Telescopes and Space-based Studies of Primitive Bodies in the Past Decade Major Accomplishment Mission and/or Technique Detailed orbital characterization of an asteroid, including successful landing Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Sampled a near-Earth asteroid and returned the sample to Earth; determined Hayabusa that small asteroids can be rubble piles Determined the density of a comet nucleus via the first controlled cratering Deep Impact experiment on a primitive body Return of comet dust for analysis in terrestrial laboratories Stardust First reconnaissance of a possible former trans-Neptune object in the form of Cassini Saturn’s distant satellite, Phoebe Discovered that binary objects are common among near-Earth and main belt asteroids and Kuiper belt objects, and that comets occur within the main asteroid belt. Ground- and space-based telescopes and radar studies PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 4-2
FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nuclei visited by spacecraft, as of 2010.. SOURCE: Montage by Emily Lakdawalla. Ida, Dactyl, Braille, Annefrank, Gaspra, Borrelly: NASA/JPL/Ted Stryk. Steins: ESA/OSIRIS team. Eros: NASA/JHUAPL. Itokawa: ISAS/JAXA/Emily Lakdawalla. Mathilde: NASA/JHUAPL/Ted Stryk. Lutetia: ESA/OSIRIS team/Emily Lakdawalla. Halley: Russian Academy of Sciences/Ted Stryk. Tempel 1, Hartley 2: NASA/JPL/UMD. Wild 2: NASA/JPL. These processes encompass the inner workings of stars and the formation and modification of materials in the cold reaches of interstellar space. Specific objectives for continued advancement of this field in the coming decade include the following: and • Understand presolar processes recorded in the materials of primitive bodies; • Study condensation, accretion, and other formative processes in the solar nebula; • Determine the effects and timing of secondary processes on the evolution of primitive bodies; • Assess the nature and chronology of planetesimal differentiation Subsequent sections examine each of these objectives in turn, identify critical questions to be addressed, and suggest future investigations and measurements that could provide answers. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 4-3
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
Page 51 and 52: Medium The first decadal survey ide
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
Page 55 and 56: FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
Page 57 and 58: FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
Page 59 and 60: • The committee’s programmatic
Page 61 and 62: • Opportunities for joint venture
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
Page 65 and 66: 2 National and International Progra
Page 67 and 68: FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
Page 69 and 70: NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
Page 71 and 72: More recently, among the goals of t
Page 73 and 74: FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
Page 75 and 76: investigations should still be deve
Page 77 and 78: FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
Page 79 and 80: 3 Shared objectives that incorporat
Page 81 and 82: 3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
Page 83 and 84: • How have the myriad chemical an
Page 85 and 86: How Did the Giant Planets and Their
Page 87 and 88: heavy bombardment? Clues to address
Page 89 and 90: Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
Page 91 and 92: We lack critical geophysical data a
Page 93 and 94: detected in time. The report conclu
Page 95 and 96: How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
Page 97 and 98: 13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
Page 99 and 100: 51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
Page 101: 4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
Page 105 and 106: • How do the compositions of pres
Page 107 and 108: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 109 and 110: Astrobiology is the study of the or
Page 111 and 112: Important Questions Some important
Page 113 and 114: observations of the outer parts of
Page 115 and 116: Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
Page 117 and 118: In the previous decadal survey, CCS
Page 119 and 120: asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
Page 121 and 122: hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
Page 123 and 124: BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
Page 125 and 126: ody exploration can be achieved by
Page 127 and 128: 34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
Page 129 and 130: FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
Page 131 and 132: Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
Page 133 and 134: from Venus Express and Galileo may
Page 135 and 136: • Understand the composition and
Page 137 and 138: • Is there evidence of environmen
Page 139 and 140: Important Questions Some important
Page 141 and 142: timescales, including the possible
Page 143 and 144: that may have fostered life, there
Page 145 and 146: • Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
Page 147 and 148: FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
Page 149 and 150: Important scientific objectives tha
Page 151 and 152: BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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Future Directions for Investigation
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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