Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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Summary To achieve the primary goals of the scientific study of the satellites of the giant planet systems as outlined in this chapter, the following actions are needed. • Flagship missions—The planned continuation of the Cassini mission through 2017 is the most cost-effective and highest priority way to advance our understanding of planetary satellites in the near-term. The highest priority satellite-focused missions to be considered for new starts in the coming decade are, in priority order: (1) Jupiter Europa Orbiter component of EJSM as described in the 2008 science definition team report and refined subsequently (including several Io science flybys); (2) Titan flagship mission, with both Titan-orbiting and in situ components; and (3) Enceladus Orbiter. JEO is synergistic with ESA’s JGO. However, JEO’s priority is independent of the fate of ESA’s JGO. The Uranus Orbiter and Probe mission discussed in Chapter 7 would return very valuable satellite science, but is not prioritized here relative to the satellite-focused missions discussed in this chapter. • New Frontiers missions—An Io Observer, making multiple Io flybys from Jupiter orbit is the high priority medium-size mission. The Ganymede Orbiter concept studied at the committee’s request (Appendices D and G) was judged to be of lower priority for a stand-alone NASA mission. • Technology development—After the development of the technology necessary to enable JEO, the next highest priority goes to addressing the technical readiness of the orbital and in situ elements of TSSM. Priority areas include the balloon system, low mass/power instruments, and cryogenic surface sampling systems. • International cooperation—The synergy between the JEO, JGO, and JAXA’s proposed Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter is great. Continued collaboration between NASA, ESA, and JAXA to enable the implementation of all three components of EJSM is encouraged. Also encouraged is the NASA-ESA cooperation needed to develop the technologies necessary to implement a Titan flagship mission. REFERENCES 1. Estrada et al. 2009. Formation of Jupiter and conditions for accretion of the Galilean satellites. Pp. 27-58 in Europa (R. Pappalardo, W. McKinnon, and K. Khurana, eds.). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 2. R. Jaumann, R.L. Kirk, R.D. Lorenz, R.M.C. Lopes, E. Stofan, E.P. Turtle, H.U. Keller, C.A. Wood, C. Sotin, L.A. Soderblom, and M.G. Tomasko. 2009. Geology and surface processes on Titan. Pp. 75-140 in Titan from Cassini-Huygens (R. Brown, J-P. LeBreton, and J.H. Waite, eds.). Springer, Heidelberg. 3. L. Iess, N.J. Rappaport, R.A. Jacobson, P. Racioppa, D.J. Stevenson, P. Tortora, J.W. Armstrong, and S.W. Asmar. 2009. Gravity field, shape, and moment of inertia of Titan. Science 327:1367. 4. J.R. Spencer, A.C. Barr, L.W. Esposito, P. Helfenstein, A.P. Ingersoll, R. Jaumann, C.P. McKay, F. Nimmo, C.C. Porco, and J.H. Waite. 2009. Enceladus: An active cryovolcanic satellite. Pp. 683-724 in Saturn from Cassini-Huygens (M. Dougherty, L. Esposito, and T. Krimigis, eds.). Springer, Heidelberg. 5. J. Lunine, M. Choukroun, D. Stevenson, and G. Tobie. 2009. The origin and evolution of Titan. Pp. 75-140 in Titan from Cassini-Huygens (R. Brown, J-P. LeBreton, and J.H. Waite, eds.). Springer, Heidelberg. 6. S. Atreya, R. Lorenz, and J.H. Waite 2009. Volatile origin and cycles: Nitrogen and methane. Pp. 177-199 in Titan from Cassini-Huygens (R. Brown, J-P. LeBreton, and J.H. Waite, eds.). Springer, Heidelberg. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 8-37
7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek, D. Cordier, J.H. Waite, K.E. Mandt, W.S. Lewis, and M.-J. Nguyen. 2009. A primordial origin for the atmospheric methane of Saturn’s moon Titan. Icarus 204:749- 751. 8. W.M. Grundy, L.A. Young, J.R. Spencer, R.E. Johnson, E.F. Young, and M.W. Buie. 2006. Distributions of H2O and CO2 ices on Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon from IRTF/SpeX observations. Icarus 184:543-555. 9. G. Schubert, H. Hussmann, V. Lainey, D.L. Matson, W.B. McKinnon, F. Sohl, C. Sotin, G. Tobie, D. Turrini, and T. Van Hoolst. 2010. Evolution of icy satellites. Space Science Reviews 153:447- 484. 10. G. Schubert, H. Hussmann, V. Lainey, D.L. Matson, W.B. McKinnon, F. Sohl, C. Sotin, G. Tobie, D. Turrini, and T. Van Hoolst. 2010. Evolution of icy satellites. Space Science Reviews 153:447- 484. 11. J. Meyer and J. Wisdom. 2008. Tidal evolution of Mimas, Enceladus, and Dione. Icarus 193:213-223. 12. V. Lainey, J.-E. Arlot, O. Karatekin, and T. van Hoolst. 2009. Strong tidal dissipation in Io and Jupiter from astrometric observations. Nature 459:957-959. 13. L. Iess, N.J. Rappaport, R.A. Jacobson, P. Racioppa, D.J. Stevenson, P. Tortora, J.W. Armstrong, and S.W. Asmar. 2009. Gravity field, shape, and moment of inertia of Titan. Science 327:1367. 14. L. Prockter and G.W. Patterson. 2009. Morphology and evolution of Europa’s ridges and bands. Pp. 237-258 in Europa (R. Pappalardo, W. McKinnon, and K. Khurana, eds.). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 15. P.M. Schenk and M.H. Bulmer. 1998. Origin of mountains on Io by thrust faulting and largescale mass movements. Science 279:1514. 16. G. Collins and F. Nimmo. 2009. Chaotic terrain on Europa. Pp. 237-258 in Europa (R. Pappalardo, W. McKinnon, and K. Khurana, eds.). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 17. R. Jaumann, R.L. Kirk, R.D. Lorenz, R.M.C. Lopes, E. Stofan, E.P. Turtle, H.U. Keller, C.A. Wood, C. Sotin, L.A. Soderblom, and M.G. Tomasko. 2009. Geology and surface processes on Titan. Pp. 75-140 in Titan from Cassini-Huygens (R. Brown, J-P. LeBreton, and J.H. Waite, eds.). Springer, Heidelberg. 18. L. Iess, N.J. Rappaport, R.A. Jacobson, P. Racioppa, D.J. Stevenson, P. Tortora, J.W. Armstrong, and S.W. Asmar. 2009. Gravity field, shape, and moment of inertia of Titan. Science 327:1367. 19. R. Jaumann, R.N. Clark, F. Nimmo, A.R. Hendrix, B.J. Buratti, T. Denk, J.M. Moore, P.M. Schenk, S.J. Ostro, and R. Srama. 2009. Icy satellites: Geological evolution and surface processes. Pp. 636-682 in Saturn from Cassini-Huygens (M. Dougherty, L. Esposito, and T. Krimigis, eds.). Springer, Heidelberg. 20. E.B. Bierhaus, C.R. Chapman, and W.J. Merline. 2005. Secondary craters on Europa and implications for cratered surfaces. Nature 437:1125-1127. 21. L. Dones, C.R. Chapman, W.B. McKinnon, H.J. Melosh, M.R. Kirchoff, G. Neukum, and K.J. Zahnle. 2009. Icy satellites of Saturn: Impact cratering and age determination. Pp. 613-635 in Saturn from Cassini-Huygens (M. Dougherty, L. Esposito, and T. Krimigis, eds.). Springer, Heidelberg. 22. S.D. Wall, R.M. Lopes, E.R. Stofan, C.A. Wood, J.L. Radebaugh, S.M. Hörst, B.W. Stiles, R.M. Nelson, L.W. Kamp, M.A. Janssen, and R.D. Lorenz. 2009. Cassini RADAR images at Hotei Arcus and western Xanadu, Titan: Evidence for geologically recent cryovolcanic activity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36:L04203. 23. F. Nimmo, J.R. Spencer, R.T. Pappalardo, and M.E. Mullen. 2007. Shear heating as the origin of the plumes and heat flux on Enceladus. Nature 447:289-291. 24. E.B. Bierhaus, C.R. Chapman, and W.J. Merline. 2005. Secondary craters on Europa and implications for cratered surfaces. Nature 437:1125-1127. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 8-38
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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Future Directions for Investigation
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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Page 241 and 242: TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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Page 245 and 246: • Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Page 253 and 254: FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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Page 281 and 282: 9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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Page 285 and 286: As discussed in more detail below,
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Page 291 and 292: overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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