Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE: NASA Mission Study (transmitted from Curt Niebur, NASA SMD/Planetary Science Division) Scientific Objectives • Investigate the internal structure, geology, and chemistry of Enceladus and plumes discovered by Cassini • Prepare for potential future landing • Observe interactions between Enceladus and the Saturn system and explore the surfaces and interiors of Saturn’s moons • Key science themes: – Investigate the nature of Enceladus’s cryovolcanic activity – Provide improved measurements of plume gas and dust – Measure tidal flexing, magnetic induction, static gravity, topography, and heat flow Key Parameters • Payload – Medium Angle Imager – Thermal Imaging Radiometer – Mass Spectrometer – Dust Analyzer – Magnetometer • Three Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generators • Launch Mass: 3560 kg • Launch Date: 2023 (on Atlas V 521) • Orbit: Enceladus orbit (100 km x 267 km, 62 deg inclination) plus Saturn satellite tour Enceladus Orbiter Key Challenges • Planetary Protection – Potential modifications to design required if planned Enceladus impact disposal is not acceptable for Planetary Protection • Particle Impact Damage – Potential for spacecraft damage from Saturn E‐ring or Enceladus plume particle impact – Primary concern is High Gain Antenna surface quality • System Power – Some potential for reduced science operations with assumed ASRG degradation Key Cost Element Comparison Cost Risk Analysis S‐Curve PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION C-19
Uranus Orbiter with Solar‐Electric Propulsion and Entry Probe SOURCE: NASA Mission Study transmitted from Leonard A. Dudzinski, NASA SMD/Planetary Science Division Scientific Objectives • Investigate the interior structure, atmosphere, and composition of Uranus • Observe the Uranus satellite and ring systems • Key science themes: – Determine atmospheric zonal winds and structure – Understand Uranus’s magnetosphere and interior dynamo – Determine noble gas abundances and isotopic ratios of H, C, N, and O within Uranus’s atmosphere – Determine the internal mass distribution of Uranus – Determine horizontal distribution of atmospheric thermal emission – Observe Uranus’s satellites Key Parameters • Orbiter Payload – Wide‐ and Narrow‐Angle Imagers – Visible/Near‐Infrared Mapping Spectrometer – Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph – Mid‐Infrared Thermal Detector – Plasma Instruments(2), Magnetometer, Ultra‐stable Oscillator • Entry Probe Payload – Mass Spectrometer – Atmospheric Structure Instrument, Nephelometer – Ultra‐stable Oscillator • Three Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generators • Launch Mass: 4129 kg • Launch Date: 2020 (on Atlas V 531) • Orbit: 1.3 Ru x 51.3 Ru, 97.7 deg inclined orbit + Satellite tour Uranus Orbiter and Probe Key Challenges • Demanding Entry Probe Mission – High‐tempo operations just prior to orbit insertion – Probe mass spectrometer – High probe deceleration environment at entry • Long Life (15.4 years) for Orbiter – Ensuring reliability and performance of ASRGs • High Magnetic Cleanliness for Orbiter – Demanding requirement to reduce spacecraft magnetic noise to 0.1 nT background • System Mass and Power – Low‐mass and ‐power margins for this phase – High mass multiplying factor from large propulsion delta‐V requirements Key Cost Element Comparison Cost Risk Analysis S‐Curve PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION C-20
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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Page 343 and 344: influence on the planetary science
Page 346 and 347: A Letter of Request and Statement o
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Page 350 and 351: main findings and recommendations s
Page 352 and 353: TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
Page 354 and 355: M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Page 358 and 359: C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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Page 362 and 363: Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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Page 366 and 367: Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Page 372 and 373: Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
Page 374 and 375: Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
Page 378 and 379: Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
Page 380 and 381: SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
Page 382 and 383: Overview The purpose of this rapid
Page 384 and 385: Conclusions Based on analyses of th
Page 386 and 387: Technology development was found to
Page 388 and 389: • Characterize the local meteorol
Page 390 and 391: • Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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Page 396 and 397: FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
Page 398 and 399: Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
Page 400 and 401: EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
Page 402 and 403: Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
Page 404 and 405: Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
Page 406 and 407: Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
Page 408 and 409: Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
Page 410: G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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