Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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3. R. Brasser, A. Morbidelli, R. Gomes, K. Tsiganis, and H.F. Levison, (2009) Constructing the secular architecture of the solar system II: the terrestrial planets, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 507, pp. 1053-1065 4. W. Borucki for the Kepler Team. 2010. Characteristics of Kepler planetary candidates based on the first data set: The majority are found to be Neptune-size and smaller. arXiv:1006.2799v1 [astroph.EP]. 5. J.I. Lunine, D. Fischer, H.B. Hammel, T. Henning, L. Hillenbrand, J. Kasting, G. Laughlin, B. Macintosh, M. Marley, G. Melnick, D. Monet, et al. 2008. Worlds beyond: A strategy for the detection and characterization of exoplanets. Executive Summary of a Report of the ExoPlanet Task Force Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee, Washington, D.C., June 23, 2008. Astrobiology 8:875-881. 6. W. Borucki for the Kepler Team. 2010. Characteristics of Kepler planetary candidates based on the first data set: The majority are found to be Neptune-size and smaller. arXiv:1006.2799v1 [astroph.EP]. 7. T. Sumi, D.P. Bennett, I.A. Bond, A. Udalski, V. Batista, M. Dominik, P. FouquZe, D. Kubas, A. Gould, B. Macintosh, K. Cook, et al. 2010. A cold Neptune-mass planet OGLE-2007-BLG-368Lb: Cold Neptunes are common. Astrophysical Journal 710:1641-1653. 8. T. Sumi, D.P. Bennett, I.A. Bond, A. Udalski, V. Batista, M. Dominik, P. FouquZe, D. Kubas, A. Gould, B. Macintosh, K. Cook, et al. 2010. A cold Neptune-mass planet OGLE-2007-BLG-368Lb: Cold Neptunes are common. Astrophysical Journal 710:1641-1653. 9. C. Lovos, D. Ségransan, M. Mayor, S. Udry, F. Pepe, D. Queloz, W. Benz, F. Bouchy, C. Mordasini, N.C. Santos, J. Laskar, A. Correia, J.-L. Bertaux , and G. Lo Curto. 2010. The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XXVII. Up to seven planets orbiting HD 10180: Probing the architecture of low-mass planetary systems. Astronomy and Astrophysics, submitted. 10. W. Borucki for the Kepler Team. 2010. Characteristics of Kepler planetary candidates based on the first data set: The majority are found to be Neptune-size and smaller. arXiv:1006.2799v1 [astroph.EP]. 11. J.I. Lunine, D. Fischer, H.B. Hammel, T. Henning, L. Hillenbrand, J. Kasting, G. Laughlin, B. Macintosh, M. Marley, G. Melnick, D. Monet, et al. 2008. Worlds beyond: A strategy for the detection and characterization of exoplanets, Executive Summary of a Report of the ExoPlanet Task Force Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee, Washington, D.C., June 23, 2008. Astrobiology 8:875-881. 12. J. Pearl, B.J. Conrath, R.A. Hanel, J.A. Pirraglia, and A. Coustenis. 1990. The albedo, effective temperature, and energy balance of Uranus, as determined from the Voyager IRIS data. Icarus 84:12. 13. B.J. Conrath, F.M. Flasar, and P.J. Gierasch. 1991. Thermal structure and dynamics of Neptune’s atmosphere from Voyager measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 96:18931. 14. White papers received by decadal survey: Wesley A. Traub, Exoplanets and Solar System Exploration; Jonathan J. Fortney, Planetary Formation and Evolution Revealed with Saturn Entry Probe; Mark Hofstadter, The Atmospheres of the Ice Giants, Uranus and Neptune; Candice J. Hansen, Neptune Science with Argo—A Voyage through the Outer Solar System. 15. White papers received by decadal survey: David H. Atkinson, Entry Probe Missions to the Giant Planets; Jonathan J. Fortney, Planetary Formation and Evolution Revealed with Saturn Entry Probe. 16. White papers received by decadal survey: Karla B. Clark, Europa Jupiter System Mission; William B. McKinnon, Exploration Strategy for the Outer Planets 2013-2022: Goals and Priorities. 17. White papers received by decadal survey: David H. Atkinson, Entry Probe Missions to the Giant Planets; Jonathan J. Fortney, Planetary Formation and Evolution Revealed with Saturn Entry Probe. 18. White papers received by decadal survey: Mark Hofstadter, The Atmospheres of the Ice Giants, Uranus and Neptune; Candice J. Hansen, Neptune Science with Argo—A Voyage through the PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 7-39
Outer Solar System; William B. McKinnon, Exploration Strategy for the Outer Planets 2013-2022: Goals and Priorities. 19. H.F. Wilson and B. Militzer. 2010. Sequestration of noble gases in giant planet interiors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104:121101. 20. T. Owen, P. Mahaffy, H.B. Niemann, S. Atreya, T. Donahue, A. Bar-Nun, and I. de Pater. 1999. A low-temperature origin for the planetesimals that formed Jupiter. Nature 402:269-270. 21. D. Gautier, F. Hersant, O. Mousis, and J.I. Lunine. 2001. Enrichments in volatiles in Jupiter: A new interpretation of the Galileo measurements. Astrophysical Journal Letters 550:L227-L230. 22. F. Hersant, D. Gautier, G. Tobie, and J.I. Lunine. 2008. Interpretation of the carbon abundance in Saturn measured by Cassini. Planetary and Space Science 56:1103-1111. 23. T. Guillot and R. Hueso. 2006. The composition of Jupiter: Sign of a (relatively) late formation in a chemically evolved protosolar disc. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 367(1):L47-L51. 24. F. Hersant, D. Gautier, G. Tobie, and J.I. Lunine. 2008. Interpretation of the carbon abundance in Saturn measured by Cassini. Planetary and Space Science 56:1103-1111. 25. T. Owen, P. Mahaffy, H.B. Niemann, S. Atreya, T. Donahue, A. Bar-Nun, and I. de Pater. 1999. A low-temperature origin for the planetesimals that formed Jupiter. Nature 402:269-270. 26. White papers received by decadal survey: Jonathan J. Fortney, Planetary Formation and Evolution Revealed with Saturn Entry Probe, David H. Atkinson, Entry Probe Missions to the Giant Planets; Mark Hofstadter, The Atmospheres of the Ice Giants, Uranus and Neptune; Candice J. Hansen, Neptune Science with Argo—A Voyage through the Outer Solar System; Wesley A. Traub, Exoplanets and Solar System Exploration. 27. C. Marois, B. Macintosh, T. Barman, B. Zuckerman, I. Song, J. Patience, D. Lafrenière, and R. Doyon. 2008. Direct imaging of multiple planets orbiting the star HR 8799. Science 322:1348. 28. White papers received by decadal survey: Mark Hofstadter, The Atmospheres of the Ice Giants, Uranus and Neptune; Candice J. Hansen, Neptune Science with Argo—A Voyage through the Outer Solar System; Jonathan J. Fortney, Planetary Formation and Evolution Revealed with Saturn Entry Probe; Wesley A. Traub, Exoplanets and Solar System Exploration; C. Agnor, The Exploration of Neptune and Triton. 29. P. Bodenheimer, D.N.C. Lin, and R.A. Mardling. 2001. On the tidal inflation of short-period extrasolar planets. Astrophysical Journal 548:466-472. 30. J. Harrington, I. de Pater, S.H. Brecht, D. Deming, V. Meadows, K. Zahnle, and P.D. Nicholson. 2004. Lessons from Shoemaker-Levy 9 about Jupiter and planetary impacts. Pp. 159-184 in Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere (F. Bagenal, T. Dowling, and W. McKinnon, eds.). Cambridge University Press, New York. 31. A. Sánchez-Lavega, A. Wesley, G. Orton, R. Hueso, S. Perez-Hoyos, L.N. Fletcher, P. Yanamandra-Fisher, J. Legarreta, I. de Pater, H. Hammel, A. Simon-Miller, et al. 2010. The impact of a large object with Jupiter in July 2009. Astrophysical Journal Letters 210:L155-L159. 32. R. Hueso, A. Wesley, C. Go, M. H. Wong, L. N. Fletcher, A. Sánchez-Lavega, M. B. E. Boslough, I. de Pater, G. Orton, A. A. Simon-Miller, S. G. Djorgovski, M. L. Edwards, H. B. Hammel, J. T. Clarke, K. Noll, and P. Yanamandra-Fisher. 2010. First Earth-based detection of a superbolide on Jupiter. Astrophysical Journal Letters 721:L129-L133. 33. K. Zahnle, M. Marley, and J Fortney. 2009. Thermometric Soots on Warm Jupiters? arXiv:0911.0728 [astro-ph.EP]. 34. P. Zarka (2007), Interactions of exoplanets with their parent star and associated radio emissions, Planetary and Space Science, Volume 55, Issue 5, p. 598-617. 35. K. France, J. T. Stocke, H. Yang, J. L. Linsky, B. C. Wolven, C. S. Froning1, J. C. Green and S. N. Osterman, Searching for far-ultraviolet auroral/dayglow emission from HD 209458b, Astrophysical Journal, Volume 712, Issue 2, pp. 1277-1286 (2010) PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 7-40
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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Future Directions for Investigation
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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Page 185 and 186: Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
Page 187 and 188: R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
Page 189 and 190: 27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
Page 191 and 192: B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
Page 193 and 194: 72. White papers received by decada
Page 195 and 196: (MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
Page 197 and 198: the solar system formed. Understand
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
Page 201 and 202: temperatures, helium is enhanced in
Page 203 and 204: FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
Page 205 and 206: Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Page 209 and 210: • What causes the enormous differ
Page 211 and 212: FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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Page 215 and 216: destroy areas of land equivalent to
Page 217 and 218: • Assess tidal evolution within g
Page 219 and 220: • What processes drive the visibl
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Page 223 and 224: INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
Page 225 and 226: SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
Page 227 and 228: FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
Page 229 and 230: Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
Page 231 and 232: 8. Determine the composition, struc
Page 233: Summary To achieve the primary goal
Page 241 and 242: TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
Page 243 and 244: organisms live there now?” Titan
Page 245 and 246: • Why are Titan and Callisto appa
Page 247 and 248: Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
Page 249 and 250: valuable window into solar system h
Page 251 and 252: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 253 and 254: FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
Page 255 and 256: FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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Page 259 and 260: Cassini has revealed that most of t
Page 261 and 262: satellite interiors should include
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Page 265 and 266: hardened technology for Io and Gany
Page 267 and 268: FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
Page 269 and 270: FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
Page 271 and 272: Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
Page 273 and 274: 1. What is the nature of Enceladus
Page 275 and 276: the majority of the Jupiter Europa
Page 277 and 278: 7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
Page 279 and 280: 45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
Page 281 and 282: 9 Recommended Flight Investigations
Page 283 and 284: All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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