Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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This chapter reviews the recommendations of the most recent planetary decadal survey, and summarizes some of the most exciting recent scientific achievements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the organization of this report, articulating how this and subsequent chapters relate to the committee’s statement of task (Appendix A). FIGURE 1.1 Saturn as imaged by the Cassini spacecraft. SOURCE: NASA/JPL. FIGURE 1.2 The comet Tempel 1 at the moment it was struck by the impactor from the Deep Impact spacecraft on July 4, 2005. SOURCE: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UMD. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 1-2
THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION DECADAL SURVEY In the 1970s and 1980s, science strategies for exploring the solar system were drafted by the NRC’s Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX), which addressed separately the inner planets, the outer planets, and primitive bodies. Early in the 1990s, COMPLEX crafted a single solar system strategy that united and updated the several preexisting documents. The resulting report, An Integrated Strategy for the Planetary Sciences: 1995-2010, 1 showed that it was both feasible and appropriate to establish a set of self-consistent, solar system wide priorities for planetary science. The Integrated Strategy provided the foundation upon which the planetary community’s first decadal survey was built, with the process starting in 2001. Unlike the precursor reports from COMPLEX, which only considered scientific goals, the 2002 decadal survey—New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy—both outlined science priorities and identified new initiatives needed to address those priorities. 2 The study also advocated the creation of a new class of medium-sized missions, named New Frontiers. The 2002 decadal survey’s statement of task from NASA called for prioritized missions binned in small, medium and large categories with respective costs of less than $325 million, less than $650 million, and more than $650 million in then-year dollars. That survey prioritized Mars missions separately from missions to other solar system destinations. This report provides status updates for the recommended missions. FIGURE 1.3 A rock outcrop on Mars named “Clovis,” drilled and brushed by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit in August 2004. SOURCE: JPL/NASA/Cornell. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 1-3
Page 1 and 2: PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
Page 3 and 4: The National Academy of Sciences is
Page 5 and 6: COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
Page 7 and 8: STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
Page 9 and 10: Preface Strategic planning activiti
Page 11 and 12: statement of task’s call for “i
Page 13 and 14: Understand the Processes That Contr
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary In recent years,
Page 17 and 18: however, that the Discovery program
Page 19 and 20: • Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
Page 21 and 22: TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
Page 23 and 24: Summary This report was requested b
Page 25 and 26: • Recent volcanic activity on Ven
Page 27 and 28: Mission Study Process and Technical
Page 29 and 30: Near the end of the past decade, NA
Page 31 and 32: • Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
Page 33 and 34: development, and descoped or cancel
Page 35 and 36: Plausible circumstances could impro
Page 37 and 38: Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
Page 39 and 40: Sample curation facilities are crit
Page 41 and 42: consider making equivalent systems
Page 43 and 44: committee concluded that for the mo
Page 45 and 46: alanced ground-based solar astronom
Page 47: 1 Introduction to Planetary Science
Page 51 and 52: Medium The first decadal survey ide
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
Page 55 and 56: FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
Page 57 and 58: FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
Page 59 and 60: • The committee’s programmatic
Page 61 and 62: • Opportunities for joint venture
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
Page 65 and 66: 2 National and International Progra
Page 67 and 68: FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
Page 69 and 70: NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
Page 71 and 72: More recently, among the goals of t
Page 73 and 74: FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
Page 75 and 76: investigations should still be deve
Page 77 and 78: FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
Page 79 and 80: 3 Shared objectives that incorporat
Page 81 and 82: 3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
Page 83 and 84: • How have the myriad chemical an
Page 85 and 86: How Did the Giant Planets and Their
Page 87 and 88: heavy bombardment? Clues to address
Page 89 and 90: Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
Page 91 and 92: We lack critical geophysical data a
Page 93 and 94: detected in time. The report conclu
Page 95 and 96: How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
Page 97 and 98: 13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
Page 185 and 186:
Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
Page 408 and 409:
Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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