Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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ties to other branches of science and technology, enabling the field to contribute to science education in uniquely powerful ways. Planetary exploration is also increasingly an international endeavor. 3. To develop a workforce for the 21st century. Planetary exploration can play a central role in raising U.S. science literacy at all levels from kindergarten through university, and within the general public as well. 4 Many of the breakthroughs being made in our understanding of the solar system involve close connections with other scientific fields such as geology, geochemistry, and biology, developments which also find increasing application in our everyday lives. Education and Outreach Opportunities Technological advances over the past decade have dramatically changed the nature of public outreach. Nearly instant public availability of raw images from planetary missions, and global access to planetary data, feeds growing online communities of committed space enthusiasts. Interested members of the public can be informed of discoveries and mission events as they happen through social media. At the same time, the decline of traditional science journalism, with its ability to synthesize results into a coherent whole and present them to a mass audience, and the everaccelerating news cycle, may erode scientific understanding by the public. It is crucial, then, for scientists themselves to make their work and findings comprehensible, appealing, and available to the public. The federal government provides significant support for many informal education and outreach activities. In the past, NASA devoted roughly one percent of the cost of major missions to education and public outreach and created imaginative websites and activities concerning its missions to engage students, teachers, and the public. Although the funding for education and public outreach by NASA increased from 1996 to 2004, it has leveled off in the past half decade. Recent National Research Council studies have indicated that for a better return on the federal investment in education and public outreach, a more rigorous program of assessment is needed of outcomes and efficacy across the entire spectrum of space science education and public outreach activities. 5 This is particularly important in the many less formal outreach activities. 6 Much effort is required to transform raw scientific data into materials that inform and appeal to the general public. NASA planetary science funding is used for education and public outreach activities based on the discoveries of planetary missions. Efforts to integrate effective outreach should be directly embedded within each planetary mission. The committee strongly endorses NASA’s informal guideline that a minimum of 1 percent of the cost of each mission be set aside from the project budget for education and public outreach activities. Modest additional funding must also be set aside to convey to the public the important scientific results from the longer-term supporting research and analysis programs, and individual scientists should be strongly encouraged to participate in communicating the research of their research broadly. The committee also encourages organizing and maintaining NASA’s educational efforts, matched to national educational standards, through science education and public outreach forums, formal content review, and newly evolving product databases. Local efforts, in addition to national 4 Education in STEM as important areas of competency is emphasized in, for example, the America COMPETES Act (H.R. 2272), initiatives within the U.S. Department of Education and National Science Foundation, and in Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future, a report of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2007). 5 National Research Council, NASA’s Elementary and Secondary Education Program: Review and Critique, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2008. 6 As highlighted in National Research Council, Learning Science in Informal Environments: People, Places, and Pursuits (P. Bell, B. Lewenstein, A.W. Shouse, and M.A. Feder, eds.), The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2009. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 10-8
efforts, can help assure compatibility of scientifically rigorous educational materials with state-bystate curriculum needs. NASA’s efforts leverage the agency’s expertise and engaging content, and have a strong record of producing innovative curricula for schools and programs for other venues. 10 NASA INSTRUMENTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Instrument Development Planetary missions rely heavily on technology. Nowhere is this more true than in the technology for new scientific instrumentation, which can revolutionize the science returned by a mission. Chapter 11 contains an in-depth discussion of technology development for planetary missions, including new scientific instruments. In particular, that chapter advocates a dedicated technology funding line that, among other things, will fill the need to develop new flight instruments to a higher level of technological readiness than has been the norm in the past. NASA’s Planetary Instrument Definition and Development Program (PIDDP) has been very successful in initiating many new instrument concepts and maturing them to low technology readiness levels (TRL). The technology program called for in Chapter 11 will provide the funding to bring the most promising low-TRL instrument concepts to the point where they can be reliably selected for flight, reducing mission cost and schedule risk. Each planetary environment is unique, and each instrument flown on a planetary mission must be customized to some degree for the mission and planetary target. Every future mission will be enabled or enhanced by improvements in instrument miniaturization and advanced electronic component design. Both remote and in-situ instruments will benefit from improved technologies and components. Significant development is needed, in particular, for in-situ instruments for sample selection and handling, age dating, organic detection and characterization, isotopic identification, and instruments that function in extreme environments of temperature, pressure and high radiation. Semiautonomous sample handing and manipulation offers significant challenges in any environment, and operation in extreme environments makes it all the more challenging. The mission studies performed for this decadal survey (Appendix G) resulted in over 50 specific instruments cited in strawman payloads. These instruments range widely in their design requirements due to the unique conditions of each target body. Examples of the most commonly mentioned measurements and instrumentation and selected areas where development or improvements should be supported are summarized in Table 10.1. This table is not intended to be comprehensive, but only representative. All of these instrument types are candidates for future development under the technology program described in Chapter 11. It is, of course, important for instrument development funding to be tied to specific future missions and goals. For further discussion and recommendations regarding instrument development and its role in NASA’s broader planetary technology development program, see Chapter 11. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 10-9
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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Page 277 and 278: 7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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Page 291 and 292: overarching questions in Chapter 3.
Page 293 and 294: These five were selected from the s
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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