Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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15. M. Wadhwa, G. Srinivasan, and R.W. Carlson. 2006. Timescales of planetesimal differentiation in the early solar system. Pp. 715-732 in Meteorites and the Early Solar System II (D.S. Lauretta and H.Y. McSween, eds.). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 16. T. Kleine, M Touboul,. B. Bourdon, F. Nimmo, K. Mezger, H. Palme, S.B. Jacobsen, Q.-Z. Yin, and A.N. Halliday. 2009. Hf-W chronology of the accretion and early evolution of asteroids and terrestrial planets. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73:5150-5188. 17. D.W. Mittlefehldt. 2004. Achondrites. Pp. 291-324 in Treatise on Geochemistry, Vol. 1. Meteorites, Comets, and Planets (A.M. Davis, ed.). Elsevier, Oxford. 18. J. Yang, J.F. Goldstein, and E.R.D. Scott. 2007. Iron meteorite evidence for early catastrophic disruption of protoplanets. Nature 446:888-891. 19. A. Ghosh, S.J. Weidenschilling, H.Y. McSween, and A. Rubin. 2006. Asteroid heating and thermal stratification of the asteroid belt. Pp. 555-566 in Meteorites and the Early Solar System II (D.S. Lauretta and H.Y. McSween, eds.). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 20. M.C. De Sancris, M.T. Capria, and A. Coradini. 2001. Thermal evolution and differentiation of Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt objects. Astron. J. 121:2792-2799. 21. M.A. Sephton. 2002. Organic compounds in carbonaceous meteorites. Nat. Product Rpts. 19:292-311. 22. G. Cody and C.M. Alexander C.M. O’D. 2005. NMR studies of chemical structural variation of insoluble organic matter from different carbonaceous chondrite groups. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69:1085-1097. 23. S. Piazzarello, G.W. Cooper, and G.J. Flynn. 2006. The nature and distribution of the organic material in carbonaceous chondrites and interplanetary dust particles. Pp. 625-651 in Meteorites and the Early Solar System II (D.S. Lauretta and H.Y. McSween, eds.). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 24. G.J. Flynn plus 79 coauthors 2006. Elemental compositions of comet 81P/Wild2 samples collected by Stardust. Science 314:1731-1735. 25. S.A. Sandford plus 54 coauthors 2006. Organics captured from comet 81P/Wild2 by the Stardust spacecraft. Science 314:1720-1724. 26. B. Marty, R.L. Palma, R.O. Pepin, L. Zimmermann, D.J. Schlutter, P.G. Burnard, A.J. Westphal, C.J. Snead, S. Bajt, R.H. Becker, and J.E. Simones. 2008. Helium and neon abundances and compositions in cometary matter. Science 319:75-78. 27. L.M. Feaga, M.F. A’Hearn, J.M. Sunshine, J.M. Groussin, and T.L. Farnham. 2007. Asymmetries in the distribution of H2O and CO2 in the inner coma of comet 9P/Tempel 1 as observed by Deep Impact. Icarus 190:345-356. 28. K.M. Barkume, M.E. Brown, and E.L. Schaller. 2008. Near-infrared spectra of Centaurs and Kuiper Belt objects. Astronomical Journal 135:55-67. 29. V.C. Geers, J.-C. Augereau, K.M. Pontoppidan, C.P. Dullemond, R. Visser, J.E. Kessler- Silacci, N.J. Evans, E.F. van Dishoeck, G.A. Blake, A.C.A. Boogert, J.M. Brown, F. Lahuis, and B. Merín. 2006. C2D Spitzer-IRS spectra of disks around T Tauri stars. II. PAH emission features. Astronomy and Astrophysics 459:545-556. 30. D.P. O’Brien, A. Morbidell, and H.F. Levison. 2006. Terrestrial planet formation with strong dynamical friction. Icarus 184:39-58. 31. Q.Z. Yin, S.B. Jacobsen, K. Yamashita, J. Blicher-Toft, P. Telouk, and F. Albarede. 2002. A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites. Nature 418:949- 952. 32. A.N. Halliday. 2004. The origin and earliest history of the Earth. Pp. 509-557 in Treatise on Geochemistry, Vol. 1. Meteorites, Comets, and Planets, Davis A.M., ed.). Elsevier, Oxford. 33. T. Kleine, K. Mezger, C. Münker, H. Palme, and A. Bischoff. 2004. 182 Hf- 182 W isotope systematics of chondrites, eucrites, and martian meteorites: Chronology of core formation and early mantle differentiation in Vesta and Mars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68:2935-2946. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 4-26
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
Page 75 and 76: investigations should still be deve
Page 77 and 78: FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
Page 79 and 80: 3 Shared objectives that incorporat
Page 81 and 82: 3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
Page 83 and 84: • How have the myriad chemical an
Page 85 and 86: How Did the Giant Planets and Their
Page 87 and 88: heavy bombardment? Clues to address
Page 89 and 90: Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
Page 91 and 92: We lack critical geophysical data a
Page 93 and 94: detected in time. The report conclu
Page 95 and 96: How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
Page 97 and 98: 13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
Page 99 and 100: 51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
Page 101 and 102: 4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
Page 103 and 104: FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
Page 105 and 106: • How do the compositions of pres
Page 107 and 108: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 109 and 110: Astrobiology is the study of the or
Page 111 and 112: Important Questions Some important
Page 113 and 114: observations of the outer parts of
Page 115 and 116: Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
Page 117 and 118: In the previous decadal survey, CCS
Page 119 and 120: asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
Page 121 and 122: hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
Page 123 and 124: BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
Page 125: ody exploration can be achieved by
Page 129 and 130: FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
Page 131 and 132: Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
Page 133 and 134: from Venus Express and Galileo may
Page 135 and 136: • Understand the composition and
Page 137 and 138: • Is there evidence of environmen
Page 139 and 140: Important Questions Some important
Page 141 and 142: timescales, including the possible
Page 143 and 144: that may have fostered life, there
Page 145 and 146: • Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
Page 147 and 148: FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
Page 149 and 150: Important scientific objectives tha
Page 151 and 152: BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
Page 153 and 154: 4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
Page 155 and 156: 6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
Page 157 and 158: BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
Page 159 and 160: live there now?”—both key compo
Page 161 and 162: characteristics (water, gradients i
Page 163 and 164: availability, physicochemical facto
Page 165 and 166: UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
Page 167 and 168: FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
Page 169 and 170: particularly the polar-layered depo
Page 171 and 172: FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
Page 173 and 174: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 175 and 176: planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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Future Directions for Investigation
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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Future Directions for Investigation
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
Page 410:
G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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