Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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FIGURE 7.3 Uranus at equinox in 2007 reveals complex atmospheric detail in these images from the Keck 10-m telescope at 1.6 microns (Voyager camera’s longest bandpass was 0.6 microns). Some Keck images contain more than three dozen discrete features, three times more than were seen in the entire Voyager Uranus encounter. These images were selected to show the rapidly evolving structure of one particular large cloud complex in the southern (leftmost) hemisphere. Images in the top row were obtained in 2007, the year of Uranus’s equinox. The bottom row shows an image in 2008 (far left) and two images in 2009. Note the asymmetric banded pattern; ground-based photometric observations indicate this asymmetry is seasonally driven. SOURCE: Courtesy I. de Pater, L. Sromovsky, and H. Hammel. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 7-7
FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific luminosities of some solar system objects are arrayed horizontally by predomininant regimes of internal heat production at the present epoch. The Sun (blue) derives quasisteady heating through thermonuclear fusion, while heating from tidal flexure is important in Io (light blue) and possibly in some exoplanets. Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune (red) predominantly release primordial accretional heat. In Earth and other rocky objects of roughly chondritic composition (black), radioactive decay is important for heat production. SOURCE: Courtesy of William Hubbard, University of Arizona. Important Questions Some important questions associated with the objective of understanding heat flow and radiation balance in giant planets include the following: • What is the energy budget and heat balance of the ice giants, and what role do water and moist convection play? • What fraction of incident sunlight do Uranus and Neptune absorb and how much thermal energy do they emit? • What is the source of energy for the hot coronas/upper atmospheres of all four giant planets? • What mechanism has prolonged Saturn’s thermal evolution? • Does helium rain play a role in reducing the H/He in Saturn’s molecular envelope? • Why and how does the atmospheric temperature and cloud composition vary with depth and location on the planet? • Which processes influence the atmospheric thermal profile, and how do these vary with location? PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 7-8
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
Page 151 and 152: BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
Page 153 and 154: 4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
Page 155 and 156: 6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
Page 157 and 158: BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
Page 159 and 160: live there now?”—both key compo
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Page 163 and 164: availability, physicochemical facto
Page 165 and 166: UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
Page 167 and 168: FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
Page 169 and 170: particularly the polar-layered depo
Page 171 and 172: FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
Page 173 and 174: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 175 and 176: planets and for understanding subse
Page 177 and 178: experiments, compounded by the unce
Page 179 and 180: Curation Martian samples require sc
Page 181 and 182: particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
Page 183 and 184: environmental conditions including
Page 185 and 186: Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
Page 187 and 188: R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
Page 189 and 190: 27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
Page 191 and 192: B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
Page 193 and 194: 72. White papers received by decada
Page 195 and 196: (MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
Page 197 and 198: the solar system formed. Understand
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
Page 201: temperatures, helium is enhanced in
Page 205 and 206: Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
Page 207 and 208: Jupiters seen around other stars in
Page 209 and 210: • What causes the enormous differ
Page 211 and 212: FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
Page 213 and 214: EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
Page 215 and 216: destroy areas of land equivalent to
Page 217 and 218: • Assess tidal evolution within g
Page 219 and 220: • What processes drive the visibl
Page 221 and 222: esolution visible and near-infrared
Page 223 and 224: INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
Page 225 and 226: SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
Page 227 and 228: FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
Page 229 and 230: Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
Page 231 and 232: 8. Determine the composition, struc
Page 233 and 234: Summary To achieve the primary goal
Page 235 and 236: Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
Page 241 and 242: TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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Page 245 and 246: • Why are Titan and Callisto appa
Page 247 and 248: Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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Page 251 and 252: Future Directions for Investigation
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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Future Directions for Investigation
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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