Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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In situ exploration has documented mineral assemblages and aqueous processes that are more diverse and complex than seen from orbital observations. The hematite deposits discovered in Meridiani Planum from orbit 52 were found by Opportunity to also include jarosite and other sulfates and a stratigraphic sequence inferred to indicate a sabkha-like environment that underwent wetting and drying cycles and diagenesis. 53 The Gusev Crater landing site has revealed complex volcanic rocks, altered materials, carbonates, Fe 3+ -hydrated sulfates in the soils, halide enrichments, and silica-rich materials thought to have formed in a hydrothermal environment. 54 The soil chemistry at the Phoenix landing site includes the presence of perchlorates and an inferred slightly basic pH 55 in contrast to the inferred acidsulfate aqueous systems that may have dominated the wet periods in Meridiani Planum and Gusev crater. 56 FIGURES 6.5 Examples of the mineralogic diversity recorded accessible from a surface rover mission. This image was taken by Spirit on the south side of Husband Hill. Each rover track is 10 cm wide. SOURCE: NASA/JPL. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 6-16
FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence of events on Mars. Martian geologic eras are not well constrained in terms of absolute age. SOURCE Modified from S.L. Murchie, J.F. Mustard, B.L. Ehlmann, R.E. Milliken, J.L. Bishop, N.K. McKeown, E.Z. Noe Dobrea, F.P. Seelos, D.L. Buczkowski, S.M. Wiseman, R.E. Arvidson, et al., A synthesis of martian aqueous mineralogy after one Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, J. Geophys. Res. 114:E00D06, 2009, doi: 10.1029/2009JE003342, copyright 2009 American Geophysical Union, modified by permission of American Geophysical Union. The diversity of minerals detected from orbit has increased significantly as the spectrometers have improved dramatically in spatial and spectral resolution. A myriad of hydrated minerals have been discovered, including iron and magnesium clays, chlorite, prehnite, serpentine, kaolinite, potassium mica, opaline, analcime, and magnesium carbonate (Figure 6.2). 57 Exposures of the mineral serpentine have been identified in a variety of martian outcrops, 58 with potential significance for the formation of the reported methane as a product in alteration of olivine to serpentine. Another key discovery is the occurrence of carbonate rocks in Mars’s ancient strata using data from the CRISM aboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 59 and the suite of instruments on the Spirit rover. 60 Through most of its history Mars has had very acidic surface chemistry, rarely wet and usually dry. Finding old carbonates informs us that some ancient Martian environments could have been less acid and therefore more conducive to life’s emergence. Ancient rocks also record processes in the planet’s interior such as heat transfer from the mantle, and magnetism in the core. Radiogenic isotopes in martian meteorites and data from magnetic regions show that Mars differentiated relatively quickly (25-100 million years). Hypotheses for how the martian PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 6-17
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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Page 121 and 122: hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
Page 123 and 124: BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
Page 125 and 126: ody exploration can be achieved by
Page 127 and 128: 34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
Page 129 and 130: FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
Page 131 and 132: Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
Page 133 and 134: from Venus Express and Galileo may
Page 135 and 136: • Understand the composition and
Page 137 and 138: • Is there evidence of environmen
Page 139 and 140: Important Questions Some important
Page 141 and 142: timescales, including the possible
Page 143 and 144: that may have fostered life, there
Page 145 and 146: • Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
Page 147 and 148: FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
Page 149 and 150: Important scientific objectives tha
Page 151 and 152: BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
Page 153 and 154: 4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
Page 155 and 156: 6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
Page 157 and 158: BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
Page 159 and 160: live there now?”—both key compo
Page 161 and 162: characteristics (water, gradients i
Page 163 and 164: availability, physicochemical facto
Page 165 and 166: UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
Page 167 and 168: FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
Page 169: particularly the polar-layered depo
Page 173 and 174: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 175 and 176: planets and for understanding subse
Page 177 and 178: experiments, compounded by the unce
Page 179 and 180: Curation Martian samples require sc
Page 181 and 182: particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
Page 183 and 184: environmental conditions including
Page 185 and 186: Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
Page 187 and 188: R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
Page 189 and 190: 27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
Page 191 and 192: B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
Page 193 and 194: 72. White papers received by decada
Page 195 and 196: (MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
Page 197 and 198: the solar system formed. Understand
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
Page 201 and 202: temperatures, helium is enhanced in
Page 203 and 204: FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
Page 205 and 206: Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
Page 207 and 208: Jupiters seen around other stars in
Page 209 and 210: • What causes the enormous differ
Page 211 and 212: FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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Page 215 and 216: destroy areas of land equivalent to
Page 217 and 218: • Assess tidal evolution within g
Page 219 and 220: • What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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54. White papers received by decada
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92. White papers received by decada
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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