Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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• International cooperation—While Mars sample return could proceed as a NASA-only program, international collaboration will be necessary to make real progress. The 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter mission is an appropriate start to a proposed joint NASA-ESA Mars program. REFERENCES 1. Smith, D.E., M.T. Zuber, H.V. Frey, J.B. Garvin, J.W. Head, D.O. Muhleman, G.H. Pettengill, R.J. Phillips, S.C. Solomon, H.J. Zwally, W.B. Banerdt, et al. 2001. Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter: Experiment summary after the first year of global mapping of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 106:23689-23722. Zuber, M.T., S.C. Solomon, R.J. Phillips, D.E. Smith, G.L. Tyler, O. Aharonson, G. Balmino, W.B. Banerdt, J.W. Head, C.L. Johnson, R.G. Lemoine, P.J. McGovern, G.A. Neumann, D.D. Rowlands, and S. Zhong. 2000. Internal structure and early thermal evolution of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor topography and gravity. Science 287:1788-1793. M.C. Malin and K.S. Edgett. 2001. Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission. J. Geophys. Res. 106:23429-23570. P.R. Christensen, J.L. Bandfield, V.E. Hamilton, S.W. Ruff, H.H. Kieffer, T. Titus, M.C. Malin, R.V. Morris, M.D. Lane, R.N. Clark, B.M. Jakosky, et al. 2001a. The Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results. J. Geophys. Res. 106:23823-23871. J.-P. Bibring, Y. Langevin, J.F. Mustard, F. Poulet, R. Arvidson, A. Gendrin, B. Gondet, N. Mangold, P. Pinet, F. Forget, and the OMEGA team. 2006. Global mineralogical and aqueous Mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data. Science 312:400-404, doi:410.1126/science.1122659. S.L. Murchie, J.F. Mustard, B.L. Ehlmann, R.E. Milliken, J.L. Bishop, N.K. McKeown, E.Z.N. Dobrea, F.P. Seelos, D.L. Buczkowski, and S.M. Wiseman. 2009. A synthesis of martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. J. Geophys. Res. 114:E00D06. W.C. Feldman, W.V. Boynton, R.L. Tokar, T.H. Prettyman, O. Gasnault, S.W. Squyres, R.C. Elphic, D.J. Lawrence, S.L. Lawson, S. Maurice, G.W. McKinney, K.R. Moore, and R.C. Reedy. 2002. Global distribution of neutrons from Mars: Results from Mars Odyssey. Science 297:75-78. I. Mitrofanov, D. Anfimov, A. Kozyrev, M. Litvak, A. Sanin, V. Tret’yakov, A. Krylov, V. Shvetsov, W. Boynton, C. Shinohara, D. Hamara, and R.S. Saunders. 2002. Maps of subsurface hydrogen from the high energy neutron detector, Mars Odyssey. Science 297:78-81. J.E.P. Connerney, M.H. Acuna, P.J. Wasilewski, G. Kletetschka, N.F. Ness, H. Reme, R.P. Lin, and D.L. Mitchell. 2001. The global magnetic field of Mars and implications for crustal evolution. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(21):4015-4018. M.D. Smith. 2004. Interannual variability in TES atmospheric observations of Mars during 1999- 2003. Icarus 167:148-165. 2. R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des Marais, J. Grotzinger, N. Hinners, B. Jakosky, J.F. Mustard, R. Phillips, and C.R. Webster. 2006. Science Analysis of the November 3, 2005 Version of the Draft Mars Exploration Program Plan. January. Available at http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/index.html. White papers received by decadal survey: John F. Mustard, Seeking Signs of Life on a Terrestrial Planet: An Integrated Strategy for the Next Decade of Mars Exploration; Douglas Stetson, Mars Exploration 2016-2032: Rationale and Principles for a Strategic Program. 3. Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG). 2001. Mars Scientific Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities. Available at http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/index.html. White papers received by decadal survey: Jeffrey R. Johnson, Summary of the Mars Science Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 6-32
R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des Marais, J. Grotzinger, N. Hinners, B. Jakosky, J.F. Mustard, R. Phillips, and C.R. Webster. 2006. Science Analysis of the November 3, 2005 Version of the Draft Mars Exploration Program Plan. January. Available at http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/index.html. MEPAG. 2008. Mars Scientific Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities: 2008. September. Available at http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/index.html 4. R.E. Kopp and J.L. Kirshvink. 2008. The identification and biogeochemical interpretation of fossil magnetotatic bacteria. Earth Science Reviews 86:42-61. 5. For a detailed discussion of these assumptions see, for example, National Research Council, An Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2007. 6. For a discussion of the possibilities opened by relaxing some of these assumptions see, for example, National Research Council, The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2007. 7. T.M. Hoehler. 2007. An energy balance concept for habitability. Astrobiology 7:824-838. 8. D.J. Des Marais, B.M. Jakosky, and B.M. Hynek. 2008. Astrobiological implications of Mars surface composition and properties. Pp. 599-623 in The Martian Surface: Composition, Mineralogy and Physical Properties (J.F. Bell III, ed.). Cambridge University Press. 9. J.P. Grotzinger. 2009. Mars Exploration, Comparative Planetary History, and the Promise of Mars Science Laboratory. Nature Geoscience 2:1-3. 10. J.D. Farmer and D.J. Des Marais. 1999. Exploring for a record of ancient Martian life. J. Geophys. Res. 103:26977-26995. 11. P.R. Christensen. 2006. Water at the poles and in permafrost regions on Mars. Elements 2:151-157. 12. National Research Council. 2007. An Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. 13. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.E. Novak, T. Hewagama, B.P. Bonev, M.A. DiSanti, A.M. Mandell, and M.D. Smith. 2009. Strong release of methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003. Science 323:1041-1045, doi: 1010.1126/science.1165243. 14. J.A. Laskar, C.A. Correia, M. Gastineau, F. Joutel, B. Levrard, and P. Robutel. 2004. Long term evolution and chaotic diffusion of the insolation quantities of Mars. Icarus 170:343-364. 15. F. Forget, R.M. Haberle, F. Montmessin, B. Levrard, and J.W. Head. 2006. Formation of glaciers on Mars by atmospheric precipitation at high obliquity. Science 311:368-371. N. Schorghofer. 2007. Dynamics of ice ages on Mars. Nature 449(7159):192-194. 16. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W. Calvin, B.C. Clark, D. Fike, M. Golombek, R. Greeley, K.E. Herkenhoff, B. Jolliff, A.H. Knoll, M. Malin, et al. 2005. Stratigraphy, sedimentology and depositional environment of the Burns Formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 240:11-72. J.C. Andrews-Hanna, M.T. Zuber, R.E. Arvidson, and S.J. Wiseman. 2010. Mars hydrology: Meridiani playa deposits and the sedimentary record of Arabia Terra. J. Geophys. Res. doi: 10.1029/2009JE003485. 17. M.H. Carr. 2006. The Surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press. V. Chevrier, F. Poulet, and J.P. Bibring. 2007. Early geochemical environment of Mars as determined from thermodynamics of phyllosilicates. Nature 448(7149):60-63. S.L. Murchie, J.F. Mustard, B.L. Ehlmann, R.E. Milliken, J.L. Bishop, N.K. McKeown, E.Z.N. Dobrea, F.P. Seelos, D.L. Buczkowski, and S.M. Wiseman. 2009. A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. J. Geophys. Res. 114:E00D06. 18. M.R. Walter and D.J. Des Marais. 1993. Preservation of biological information in thermal spring deposits: Developing a strategy for the search for fossil life on Mars. Icarus. 101:129-143. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 6-33
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
Page 135 and 136: • Understand the composition and
Page 137 and 138: • Is there evidence of environmen
Page 139 and 140: Important Questions Some important
Page 141 and 142: timescales, including the possible
Page 143 and 144: that may have fostered life, there
Page 145 and 146: • Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
Page 147 and 148: FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
Page 149 and 150: Important scientific objectives tha
Page 151 and 152: BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
Page 153 and 154: 4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
Page 155 and 156: 6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
Page 157 and 158: BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
Page 159 and 160: live there now?”—both key compo
Page 161 and 162: characteristics (water, gradients i
Page 163 and 164: availability, physicochemical facto
Page 165 and 166: UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
Page 167 and 168: FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
Page 169 and 170: particularly the polar-layered depo
Page 171 and 172: FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
Page 173 and 174: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 175 and 176: planets and for understanding subse
Page 177 and 178: experiments, compounded by the unce
Page 179 and 180: Curation Martian samples require sc
Page 181 and 182: particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
Page 183 and 184: environmental conditions including
Page 185: Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
Page 189 and 190: 27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
Page 191 and 192: B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
Page 193 and 194: 72. White papers received by decada
Page 195 and 196: (MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
Page 197 and 198: the solar system formed. Understand
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
Page 201 and 202: temperatures, helium is enhanced in
Page 203 and 204: FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
Page 205 and 206: Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
Page 207 and 208: Jupiters seen around other stars in
Page 209 and 210: • What causes the enormous differ
Page 211 and 212: FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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Page 215 and 216: destroy areas of land equivalent to
Page 217 and 218: • Assess tidal evolution within g
Page 219 and 220: • What processes drive the visibl
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Page 223 and 224: INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
Page 225 and 226: SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
Page 227 and 228: FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
Page 229 and 230: Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
Page 231 and 232: 8. Determine the composition, struc
Page 233 and 234: Summary To achieve the primary goal
Page 235 and 236: Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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54. White papers received by decada
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92. White papers received by decada
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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