Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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FIGURE 1.12 Titan beyond Saturn and its rings, as viewed by Cassini on May 10, 2006. SOURCE: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute. ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT The committee’s statement of task (Appendix A) calls for this report to contain three principal elements: a survey of planetary science, an assessment of and recommendations relating to NASA activities, and an assessment of and recommendations relating to NSF activities. The following sections map its chapters onto the specific tasks the committee was asked to address. Survey of the Planetary Sciences • Overview of planetary science, what it is, why it is a compelling undertaking, and the relationship between space- and ground-based planetary science research—The scientific context is discussed in Chapter 1 and the relationship between space- and ground-based research and related programmatic issues relating to planetary science activities at NASA and NSF is found in Chapter 2. • Survey of the current state of knowledge of the solar system—A high-level overview of current knowledge, together with a discussion of three crosscutting themes and 10 high priority questions underlying most current activities in this field is found in Chapter 3. The priority questions introduced in Chapter 3 are developed and refined for the primitive bodies, the inner planets, Mars, the giant planets, and the satellites of the giant planets in Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively. • Inventory of the top-level scientific questions that should guide NASA flight mission investigations and supporting research programs and NSF’s activities—Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, and summarized in Chapter 3. NSF Activities • Assessment of NSF support for the planetary sciences—A detailed discussion of relevant NSF activities, including support for infrastructure and research programs, together with related recommendations is given in Chapter 10. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 1-14
• Opportunities for joint ventures and other forms of international cooperation—Chapter 2 and Chapter10. NASA Activities • Optimum balance across the solar system and among small, medium, and large missions and supporting activities—Chapter 9 • Individual flight investigations for initiation between 2013 and 2022—Priority large, medium and small spacecraft missions are discussed, and recommendations supported by decision rules are given, in Chapter 9. • Supporting research required to maximize the science return from the flight mission investigations—Chapter 10 • Strategic technology development needs and opportunities relevant to NASA planetary science programs—Chapter 11 • Discussion of potential opportunities for conducting planetary science investigations involving humans in situ and the relative value of human-tended investigations to those performed solely robotically—Chapter 2 • Opportunities for international cooperation—Chapter 2 and Chapter 9. FIGURE 1.13 Sand cascades on Mars, photographed by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. SOURCE: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 1-15
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
Page 9 and 10: Preface Strategic planning activiti
Page 11 and 12: statement of task’s call for “i
Page 13 and 14: Understand the Processes That Contr
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary In recent years,
Page 17 and 18: however, that the Discovery program
Page 19 and 20: • Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
Page 21 and 22: TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
Page 23 and 24: Summary This report was requested b
Page 25 and 26: • Recent volcanic activity on Ven
Page 27 and 28: Mission Study Process and Technical
Page 29 and 30: Near the end of the past decade, NA
Page 31 and 32: • Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
Page 33 and 34: development, and descoped or cancel
Page 35 and 36: Plausible circumstances could impro
Page 37 and 38: Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
Page 39 and 40: Sample curation facilities are crit
Page 41 and 42: consider making equivalent systems
Page 43 and 44: committee concluded that for the mo
Page 45 and 46: alanced ground-based solar astronom
Page 47 and 48: 1 Introduction to Planetary Science
Page 49 and 50: THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
Page 51 and 52: Medium The first decadal survey ide
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
Page 55 and 56: FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
Page 57 and 58: FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
Page 59: • The committee’s programmatic
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
Page 65 and 66: 2 National and International Progra
Page 67 and 68: FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
Page 69 and 70: NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
Page 71 and 72: More recently, among the goals of t
Page 73 and 74: FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
Page 75 and 76: investigations should still be deve
Page 77 and 78: FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
Page 79 and 80: 3 Shared objectives that incorporat
Page 81 and 82: 3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
Page 83 and 84: • How have the myriad chemical an
Page 85 and 86: How Did the Giant Planets and Their
Page 87 and 88: heavy bombardment? Clues to address
Page 89 and 90: Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
Page 91 and 92: We lack critical geophysical data a
Page 93 and 94: detected in time. The report conclu
Page 95 and 96: How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
Page 97 and 98: 13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
Page 99 and 100: 51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
Page 101 and 102: 4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
Page 103 and 104: FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
Page 105 and 106: • How do the compositions of pres
Page 107 and 108: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 109 and 110: Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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Future Directions for Investigation
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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