Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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25. J.R. Spencer, S.A. Stern, A.F. Cheng, H.A. Weaver, D.C. Reuter, K. Retherford, A. Lunsford, J.M. Moore, O. Abramov, R.M.C. Lopes, J.E. Perry, et al. 2007. Io volcanism seen by New Horizons: A major eruption of the Tvashtar volcano. Science 318:240. 26. M.A. McGrath, E. Lellouch, D.F. Strobel, P.D. Feldman, and R.E. Johnson. 2004. Satellite atmospheres. Pp. 457-483 in Jupiter: Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere (F. Bagenal, T. Dowling, and W. McKinnon, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 27. M.A. McGrath, E. Lellouch, D.F. Strobel, P.D. Feldman, and R.E. Johnson. 2004. Satellite atmospheres. Pp. 457-483 in Jupiter: Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere (F. Bagenal, T. Dowling, and W. McKinnon, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 28. W. Grundy and L. Young. 2004. Near-infrared spectral monitoring of Triton with IRTF/SpeX I: Establishing a baseline for rotational variability. Icarus 172:455-465. 29. L.M. Feaga, M. McGrath, and P.D. Feldman. 2009. Io’s dayside SO2 atmosphere. Icarus 201:570-584. 30. D.F. Strobel, S.K. Atreya, B. Bézard, F. Ferri, F.M. Flasar, M. Fulchignoni, E. Lellouch, and I. Müller-Wodarg. 2009. Atmospheric structure and composition. Pp. 234-258 in Titan from Cassini- Huygens (R. Brown, J-P. LeBreton, and J.H. Waite, eds.). Springer, Heidelberg. 31. O. Grasset, et al. (Eds) 2010. Satellites of the Outer Solar System: Exchange Processes Involving the Interiors. Space Science Reviews, Volume 153, Issue 1-4, pp. 5-9.. 32. C. Paranicas, J.F. Cooper, H.B. Garrett, R.E. Johnson, and S.J. Sturner. 2009. Europa’s radiation environment and its effects on the surface. Pp. 529-544 in Europa (R. Pappalardo, W. McKinnon, and K. Khurana, eds.). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 33. C.F. Chyba. 2000. Energy for microbial life on Europa. Nature 403381-382. 34. R.E. Johnson, O.J. Tucker, M. Michael, E.C. Sittler, H.T. Smith, D.T. Young, and J.H. Waite. 2009. Mass loss processes in Titan’s upper atmosphere. Pp. 373-391 in Titan from Cassini- Huygens (R. Brown, J-P. LeBreton, and J.H. Waite, eds.). Springer, Heidelberg. 35. P.A. Delamere, A. Steffl, F. Bagenal. 2004. Modeling temporal variability of plasma conditions in the Io torus during the Cassini era. J. Geophys. Res. (Space Physics) 109:10216. 36. J.D. Richardson, J.W. Belcher, A. Szabo, and R. McNutt. 1995. The plasma environment of Neptune. Pp. 279-340 in Neptune and Triton (D. Cruikshank, ed.). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 37. M.G. Kivelson et al. 2004. Magnetospheric interactions with satellites. Pp. 513-536 in Jupiter: Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere (F. Bagenal, T. Dowling, and W. McKinnon, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 38. C. Paranicas, J.F. Cooper, H.B. Garrett, R.E. Johnson, and S.J. Sturner. 2009. Europa’s radiation environment and its effects on the surface. Pp. 529-544 in Europa (R. Pappalardo, W. McKinnon, and K. Khurana, eds.). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 39. T.I. Gombosi et al. 2009. Saturn’s magnetospheric configuration. Pp. 203-255 in Saturn from Cassini-Huygens (M. Dougherty, L. Esposito, and T. Krimigis, eds.). Springer, Heidelberg. 40. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.P. Hand, and C.T. Russell. 2009. Electromagnetic induction from Europa’s ocean and the deep interior. Pp. 571-586 in Europa (R. Pappalardo, W. McKinnon, and K. Khurana, eds.). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 41. F. Postberg et al. 2009. Sodium salts in E-ring ice grains from an ocean below the surface of Enceladus. Nature 459:1098-1101. 42. Sotin, C. et al. 2009. Titan's interior structure. In Titan from Cassini-Huygens, R. Brown, J- P. LeBreton, J.H. Waite, eds., Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 61-73. 43. H. Hussmann et al. 2006. Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium-sized outer planet satellites and large trans-neptunian objects. Icarus 185:258-273. 44. J.R. Spencer, A.C. Barr, L.W. Esposito, P. Helfenstein, A.P. Ingersoll, R. Jaumann, C.P. McKay, F. Nimmo, C.C. Porco, and J.H. Waite. 2009. Enceladus: An active cryovolcanic satellite. Pp. 683-724 in Saturn from Cassini-Huygens (M. Dougherty, L. Esposito, and T. Krimigis, eds.). Springer, Heidelberg. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 8-39
45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.P. Hand, and C.T. Russell. 2009. Electromagnetic induction from Europa’s ocean and the deep interior. Pp. 571-586 in Europa (R. Pappalardo, W. McKinnon, and K. Khurana, eds.). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 46. F Raulin, C. McKay, J. Lunine, and T. Owen. 2009. Titan’s astrobiology. Pp. 215-233 in Titan from Cassini-Huygens (R. Brown, J-P. LeBreton, and J.H. Waite, eds.). Springer, Heidelberg. 47. J.H. Waite et al. 2009. Liquid water on Enceladus from observations of ammonia and 40Ar in the plume. Nature 460:487-490. 48. K.P. Hand et al. 2009. Astrobiology and the potential for life on Europa. Pp. 589-629 in Europa (R. Pappalardo, W. McKinnon, and K. Khurana, eds.). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 49. F.H. Chapelle et al. 2002. A hydrogen-based subsurface microbial community dominated by methanogens. Nature 415:312-315. 50. L.-H. Lin et al. 2006. Long-term sustainability of a high-energy, low-diversity crustal biome. Science 314:479-482. 51. C.F. Chyba. 2000. Energy for microbial life on Europa. Nature 403:381-382. 52. C.P. McKay and H.D. Smith. 2005. Possibilities for methanogenic life in liquid methane on the surface of Titan. Icarus 178:274-276. 53. National Research Council. 2003. The Sun to the Earth⎯and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. 54. P.M. Beauchamp, W. McKinnon, T. Magner, S. Asmar, H. Waite, S. Lichten, E. Venkatapathy, T. Balint, A. Coustenis, J.L. Hall, M. Munk, et al. 2009. Technologies for Outer Planet Missions: A Companion to the Outer Planet Assessment Group (OPAG) Strategic Exploration White Paper. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council, September 12. D. Schultze-Makuch, F. Raulin, C. Phillips, K. Hand, S. Neuer, and B. Dalton. 2009. Astrobiology Research Priorities for the Outer Solar System. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. September 15. 55. A. Coustenis et al. 2009. Future in situ balloon exploration of Titan’s atmosphere and surface. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. J. Nott et al. 2009. Advanced Titan Balloon Design Concepts. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. 56. L. Lemke. 2009. Heavier Than Air Vehicles For Titan Exploration. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. 57. N. Strange et al. 2009. Astrodynamics research and analysis funding. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. 58. E. Venkatapathy et al 2009. Thermal Protection System Technologies for Enabling Future Outer Planet Missions. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. 59. W. McKinnon et al. 2009. Exploration Strategy for the Outer Planets 2013-2022: Goals and Priorities. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. 60. L. Spilker et al. 2009. Cassini-Huygens Solstice Mission. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. 61. National Research Council. 2003. New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. 62. NASA solar system Exploration Roadmap 2006. 2006 Solar System Exploration Roadmap for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/downloads/SSE_RoadMap_2006_Report_FC-A_med.pdf. 63. NASA Science Plan 2007. NASA Science Mission Directorate Science Plan 2007. http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2010/03/31/Science_Plan_07.pdf. 64. W. McKinnon et al. 2009. Exploration Strategy for the Outer Planets 2013-2022: Goals and Priorities. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 8-40
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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Future Directions for Investigation
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
Page 227 and 228: FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
Page 229 and 230: Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
Page 231 and 232: 8. Determine the composition, struc
Page 233 and 234: Summary To achieve the primary goal
Page 235 and 236: Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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Page 241 and 242: TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
Page 243 and 244: organisms live there now?” Titan
Page 245 and 246: • Why are Titan and Callisto appa
Page 247 and 248: Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
Page 249 and 250: valuable window into solar system h
Page 251 and 252: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 253 and 254: FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
Page 255 and 256: FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
Page 257 and 258: orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
Page 259 and 260: Cassini has revealed that most of t
Page 261 and 262: satellite interiors should include
Page 263 and 264: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 265 and 266: hardened technology for Io and Gany
Page 267 and 268: FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
Page 269 and 270: FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
Page 271 and 272: Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
Page 273 and 274: 1. What is the nature of Enceladus
Page 275 and 276: the majority of the Jupiter Europa
Page 277: 7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
Page 281 and 282: 9 Recommended Flight Investigations
Page 283 and 284: All of the recommendations below ar
Page 285 and 286: As discussed in more detail below,
Page 287 and 288: • Ensure that there are adequate
Page 289 and 290: TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
Page 291 and 292: overarching questions in Chapter 3.
Page 293 and 294: These five were selected from the s
Page 295 and 296: The Mars community, in their inputs
Page 297 and 298: should immediately undertake an eff
Page 299 and 300: (a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
Page 301 and 302: As noted, the recommended and cost-
Page 303 and 304: described above are the existing De
Page 305 and 306: The projected need decreased from 2
Page 307 and 308: partnership with the Department of
Page 309 and 310: 10 Planetary Science Research and I
Page 311 and 312: Through the direct involvement of s
Page 313 and 314: Theoretical development and numeric
Page 315 and 316: Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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Page 319 and 320: history. And telescopic observation
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Page 323 and 324: Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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