Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Biosphere: The life zone of Earth or, by extension, another planetary body. Biota: Living organisms of a particular place or period. Bolometer: An instrument used to measure radiant energy. BPO: Balloon Program Office. Bulk composition: The makeup of a celestial body as a whole. CAPTEM: Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials. Carbide: A compound of carbon with a more electropositive element or group. CAREER award: NSF Faculty Early Career Development Program. CATE: Cost and Technical Evaluation. CCSR: Cryogenic Comet Sample Return. CDAP: Cassini Data Analysis Program. CH4: Methane. Chirality: The right- or left-handedness of an asymmetric molecule. CHNOPS: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulphur, the six elements essential to life as we know it. Chondrite: A stony meteorite, unaltered from its parent body Chondrule: Round grains that make up a fraction of chondrites, formed from molten or partially molten droplets of minerals. CIDA: The Cometary and Interstellar Dust Analyzer on NASA’s Stardust spacecraft. Circumstellar disk: A broad ring of material orbiting around a star. CISM: Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling Clathrate: A chemical substance consisting of a lattice of one type of molecule (e.g., water) trapping and containing a second type of molecule (e.g., methane). Clathration: The chemical process leading to the formation of a clathrate. CME: Coronal Mass Ejection CNES: Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, the French space agency. CNSR: Comet Nucleus Sample Return Comparative planetology: Using the knowledge gained from the study of one planetary body to understand processes and phenomena on another. COMPLEX: The National Research Council’s Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration. Corotating: To rotate jointly, as with another object or field Covalent bond: A chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons. Cryogenics: The branch of physics dealing with the behavior of matter at very low temperatures PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION F-2
Cryosphere: Portions of the planetary body where water is in solid form Cryovolcanism: The eruption of water and other volatile materials onto the surface of a planet or moon due to internal heating. CSSR: Comet Surface Sample Return D/H ratio: Deuterium to hydrogen ratio DARPA: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Diagenesis: The sum of the physical, chemical, and biological changes that take place in sediments as they become consolidated into rocks, including compaction and cementation, but excluding weathering and metamorphic changes. Differentiation: The process by which the interior of a planetary body separates into layers of different compositions. DOE: Department of Energy Dropsonde: A meteorological instrument package designed to be dropped from altitude in a planetary atmosphere make measurements as it falls to the planet’s surface. DSN: NASA’s Deep Space Network Dynamo: An electromagnetic process in which the movement of conductive material gives rise to a magnetic field. Eccentricity: A measurement of the degree to which an elliptical orbit deviates from a circular orbit. An ellipse of zero eccentricity is a circle. Ecliptic: The plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun. EDL: Entry, Descent and Landing. EEV: Earth Entry Vehicle. ELT: Extremely Large Telescope. ESA: European Space Agency. EJSM: Europa Jupiter System Mission. Electromagnetic induction: Production of voltage across a conductor due to a changing magnetic flux. Emission spectrum: A spectrum composed solely or predominantly of emission lines, indicating the presence of a hot gas and a nearby source of energy. Endogenic: Relating to a process of internal origin. EPO: Education and Public Outreach. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION F-3
Page 1 and 2:
PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
Page 3 and 4:
The National Academy of Sciences is
Page 5 and 6:
COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
Page 7 and 8:
STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
Page 9 and 10:
Preface Strategic planning activiti
Page 11 and 12:
statement of task’s call for “i
Page 13 and 14:
Understand the Processes That Contr
Page 15 and 16:
Executive Summary In recent years,
Page 17 and 18:
however, that the Discovery program
Page 19 and 20:
• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
Page 21 and 22:
TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
Page 23 and 24:
Summary This report was requested b
Page 25 and 26:
• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
Page 27 and 28:
Mission Study Process and Technical
Page 29 and 30:
Near the end of the past decade, NA
Page 31 and 32:
• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
Page 33 and 34:
development, and descoped or cancel
Page 35 and 36:
Plausible circumstances could impro
Page 37 and 38:
Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
Page 39 and 40:
Sample curation facilities are crit
Page 41 and 42:
consider making equivalent systems
Page 43 and 44:
committee concluded that for the mo
Page 45 and 46:
alanced ground-based solar astronom
Page 47 and 48:
1 Introduction to Planetary Science
Page 49 and 50:
THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
Page 51 and 52:
Medium The first decadal survey ide
Page 53 and 54:
FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
Page 55 and 56:
FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
Page 57 and 58:
FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
Page 59 and 60:
• The committee’s programmatic
Page 61 and 62:
• Opportunities for joint venture
Page 63 and 64:
FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
Page 65 and 66:
2 National and International Progra
Page 67 and 68:
FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
Page 69 and 70:
NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
Page 71 and 72:
More recently, among the goals of t
Page 73 and 74:
FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
Page 75 and 76:
investigations should still be deve
Page 77 and 78:
FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
Page 79 and 80:
3 Shared objectives that incorporat
Page 81 and 82:
3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
Page 83 and 84:
• How have the myriad chemical an
Page 85 and 86:
How Did the Giant Planets and Their
Page 87 and 88:
heavy bombardment? Clues to address
Page 89 and 90:
Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
Page 91 and 92:
We lack critical geophysical data a
Page 93 and 94:
detected in time. The report conclu
Page 95 and 96:
How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
Page 97 and 98:
13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
Page 99 and 100:
51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
Page 101 and 102:
4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
Page 103 and 104:
FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
Page 105 and 106:
• How do the compositions of pres
Page 107 and 108:
Future Directions for Investigation
Page 109 and 110:
Astrobiology is the study of the or
Page 111 and 112:
Important Questions Some important
Page 113 and 114:
observations of the outer parts of
Page 115 and 116:
Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
Page 117 and 118:
In the previous decadal survey, CCS
Page 119 and 120:
asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
Page 121 and 122:
hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
Page 123 and 124:
BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
Page 125 and 126:
ody exploration can be achieved by
Page 127 and 128:
34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
Page 129 and 130:
FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
Page 131 and 132:
Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
Page 133 and 134:
from Venus Express and Galileo may
Page 135 and 136:
• Understand the composition and
Page 137 and 138:
• Is there evidence of environmen
Page 139 and 140:
Important Questions Some important
Page 141 and 142:
timescales, including the possible
Page 143 and 144:
that may have fostered life, there
Page 145 and 146:
• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
Page 147 and 148:
FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
Page 149 and 150:
Important scientific objectives tha
Page 151 and 152:
BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
Page 153 and 154:
4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
Page 155 and 156:
6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
Page 157 and 158:
BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
Page 159 and 160:
live there now?”—both key compo
Page 161 and 162:
characteristics (water, gradients i
Page 163 and 164:
availability, physicochemical facto
Page 165 and 166:
UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
Page 167 and 168:
FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
Page 169 and 170:
particularly the polar-layered depo
Page 171 and 172:
FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
planets and for understanding subse
Page 177 and 178:
experiments, compounded by the unce
Page 179 and 180:
Curation Martian samples require sc
Page 181 and 182:
particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
Page 183 and 184:
environmental conditions including
Page 185 and 186:
Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
Page 187 and 188:
R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
Page 189 and 190:
27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
Page 191 and 192:
B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
Page 193 and 194:
72. White papers received by decada
Page 195 and 196:
(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
Page 197 and 198:
the solar system formed. Understand
Page 199 and 200:
FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
Page 201 and 202:
temperatures, helium is enhanced in
Page 203 and 204:
FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
Page 205 and 206:
Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
Page 207 and 208:
Jupiters seen around other stars in
Page 209 and 210:
• What causes the enormous differ
Page 211 and 212:
FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
Page 213 and 214:
EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
Page 215 and 216:
destroy areas of land equivalent to
Page 217 and 218:
• Assess tidal evolution within g
Page 219 and 220:
• What processes drive the visibl
Page 221 and 222:
esolution visible and near-infrared
Page 223 and 224:
INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
Page 225 and 226:
SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
Page 227 and 228:
FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
Page 229 and 230:
Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
Page 231 and 232:
8. Determine the composition, struc
Page 233 and 234:
Summary To achieve the primary goal
Page 235 and 236:
Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
Page 243 and 244:
organisms live there now?” Titan
Page 245 and 246:
• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
Page 247 and 248:
Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
Page 249 and 250:
valuable window into solar system h
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
Page 255 and 256:
FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
Page 257 and 258:
orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
Page 259 and 260:
Cassini has revealed that most of t
Page 261 and 262:
satellite interiors should include
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
hardened technology for Io and Gany
Page 267 and 268:
FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
Page 269 and 270:
FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
Page 271 and 272:
Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
Page 273 and 274:
1. What is the nature of Enceladus
Page 275 and 276:
the majority of the Jupiter Europa
Page 277 and 278:
7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
Page 279 and 280:
45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
Page 281 and 282:
9 Recommended Flight Investigations
Page 283 and 284:
All of the recommendations below ar
Page 285 and 286:
As discussed in more detail below,
Page 287 and 288:
• Ensure that there are adequate
Page 289 and 290:
TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
Page 291 and 292:
overarching questions in Chapter 3.
Page 293 and 294:
These five were selected from the s
Page 295 and 296:
The Mars community, in their inputs
Page 297 and 298:
should immediately undertake an eff
Page 299 and 300:
(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
Page 301 and 302:
As noted, the recommended and cost-
Page 303 and 304:
described above are the existing De
Page 305 and 306:
The projected need decreased from 2
Page 307 and 308:
partnership with the Department of
Page 309 and 310:
10 Planetary Science Research and I
Page 311 and 312:
Through the direct involvement of s
Page 313 and 314:
Theoretical development and numeric
Page 315 and 316:
Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
Page 317 and 318:
efforts, can help assure compatibil
Page 319 and 320:
history. And telescopic observation
Page 321 and 322:
Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
Page 323 and 324:
Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
Page 325 and 326:
and Planetary Institute. Currently,
Page 327 and 328:
the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
Page 329 and 330:
up observations. Likewise, monitori
Page 331 and 332:
11 The Role of Technology Developme
Page 333 and 334:
particular technology item. In gene
Page 335 and 336:
The Requirement for Power Of all th
Page 337 and 338:
proposals and populated by technolo
Page 339 and 340:
TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
Page 341 and 342:
Solar System Access and Other Core
Page 343 and 344:
influence on the planetary science
Page 346 and 347:
A Letter of Request and Statement o
Page 348 and 349: latter topics are treated in the NR
Page 350 and 351: main findings and recommendations s
Page 352 and 353: TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
Page 354 and 355: M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
Page 356 and 357: Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
Page 358 and 359: C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
Page 360 and 361: were all full mission studies selec
Page 362 and 363: Schedule To aid in the assessment o
Page 364 and 365: FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
Page 366 and 367: Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
Page 368 and 369: Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
Page 370 and 371: Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
Page 372 and 373: Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
Page 374 and 375: Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
Page 376 and 377: Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
Page 378 and 379: Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
Page 380 and 381: SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
Page 382 and 383: Overview The purpose of this rapid
Page 384 and 385: Conclusions Based on analyses of th
Page 386 and 387: Technology development was found to
Page 388 and 389: • Characterize the local meteorol
Page 390 and 391: • Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
Page 392 and 393: landing in the small southern lakes
Page 394 and 395: atmospheric probe and another a sep
Page 396 and 397: FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
Page 400 and 401: EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
Page 402 and 403: Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
Page 404 and 405: Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
Page 406 and 407: Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
Page 408 and 409: Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
Page 410: G Mission and Technology Study Repo
show all

Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?