Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in the surface of Mars that has been eroded and partly filled in by sediments and clay-rich ejecta from a nearby crater. NIMS: Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer. NLSI: NASA Lunar Science Institute. NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Noachian epoch: The oldest of three time periods into which the geologic history of Mars has been divided, spanning from about 4.1 billion to about 3.5 billion years ago. NOAO: National Optical Astronomy Observatory. NOSSE: The NRC report New Opportunities in Solar System Exploration. NRA: NASA Research Announcement. NRAO: National Radio Astronomy Observatory. NRC: National Research Council. NSF: National Science Foundation. Nucleosynthesis: The process by which chemical elements are produced from light elements, occurring in stellar interiors and during supernovas. Nucleotide: A class of organic molecules that play a variety of important roles in biological processes. They form, for example, the major structural subunits of DNA and RNA and serve as a source of energy for biochemical processes. O2: Molecular oxygen. Obliquity: The angle between an object’s rotation axis and the pole of its orbit. Occultation: The passage of an astronomical body across the line of sight to another astronomical body of smaller angular diameter; i.e., a planet passing across the line of sight to a background star. OLAF: On-Line Archiving Facility. Olivine: A magnesium iron silicate mineral (FeMg)2SiO4. Oort cloud: A spherical distribution of comets having semimajor axes between 1,000 and 50,000 AU, typically with low orbital eccentricity. OPAG: Outer Planet Assessment Group. Opportunity: The secong of the two rovers of NASA’s ongoing Mars Exploration Rover mission which landed on Mars on 25 January, 2004. OPR: Outer Planets Research. OPRP: Outer Planets Research Program. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION F-8
Orbital migration: A major change in a planet’s orbit around its host star, either sudden or gradual, caused by interaction with one or more other large bodies (such as neighboring planets) ,with the remnants of a protoplanetary nebula, or by some other process Outgassing: Venting of gasses from the crust of a planetary body. Paleoclimate: The climate of some former period of geologic time. Pallasite: A meteorite composed primarily of olivine and metallic iron. PCGMWC: Planetary Cartography and Geologic Mapping Working Group. PDS: Planetary Data System. PDS SBN: The Small Bodies Node of NASA’s Planetary Data System. Perchlorate: A salt containing the ClO4 - ion. PG&G: NASA’s Planetary Geology and Geophysics grants program. Phase A, B, C, D, E: Various stages of spacecraft development, including: the preliminary outline of design; definition and detailed design; development/manufacture and integration/testing; and extended operations, respectively. Photodissociation: The breakup of molecules through exposure to light PHX: NASA’s Phoenix Mars lander. Phyllosilicate: A family of clay mineral characterized by having the tetrahedral silicate groups linked in sheets, each group containing four oxygen atoms, three of which are shared with other groups so that the ratio of silicon atoms to oxygen atoms is two to five. PI: Principal Investigator. PICA: Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator. PIDDP: Planetary Instrument Definition and Development Program. Planetary protection: Measures designed to protect the Earth and other planetary bodies from cross contamination by biological materials. Planetesimal: A rocky and/or icy body a few kilometers to several tens of kilometers in size, which was formed in the protoplanetary nebula. Plasma: A highly ionized gas, consisting of almost equal numbers of free electrons and positive ions. PLD: Mars’s Polar Layered Deposits. PMDAP: Planetary Mission Data Analysis Program. Porosity: The percentage of the total volume of a body that is made up of open spaces. Prebiotic: Not yet alive; a chemical system that may be a precursor to life. Presolar grains: Microscopic dust grains which existed in the interstellar cloud from which the Sun formed. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION F-9
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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Page 366 and 367: Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Page 372 and 373: Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
Page 374 and 375: Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
Page 376 and 377: Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
Page 378 and 379: Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
Page 380 and 381: SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
Page 382 and 383: Overview The purpose of this rapid
Page 384 and 385: Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Page 388 and 389: • Characterize the local meteorol
Page 390 and 391: • Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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Page 396 and 397: FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
Page 398 and 399: Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
Page 400 and 401: EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
Page 402 and 403: Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
Page 406 and 407: Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
Page 408 and 409: Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
Page 410: G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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