Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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65. K. Clark et al. 2009. Jupiter Europa Orbiter Mission Study 2008: Final Report. 66. D. Williams et al. 2009. Future Io exploration for 2013-2022 and beyond, Part 1: Justification and science objectives. 67. National Research Council. 2003. New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. 68. National Research Council. 2008. Opening New Frontiers in Space: Choices for the Next New Frontiers Announcement of Opportunity. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. 69. National Research Council. 2003. The Sun to the Earth⎯and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. 70. A. Coustenis et al. 2009. Future in situ balloon exploration of Titan’s atmosphere and surface. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. J. Lunine et al. 2009. The Science of Titan and Its Future Exploration. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. J.H. Waite et al. 2009. Titan Lake Probe. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. M. Allen et al. 2009. Astrobiological Research Priorities for Titan. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. 71. W. McKinnon et al. 2009. Exploration Strategy for the Outer Planets 2013-2022: Goals and Priorities. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. 72. K. Reh et al. 2009. Titan Saturn System Mission Study Final Report. JPL D-48148. 73. P.M. Beauchamp et al. 2009. Technologies for Outer Planet Missions: A Companion to the Outer Planet Assessment Group (OPAG) Strategic Exploration White Paper. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. 74. C. Niebur. 2009. Outer Planet Satellites Review Panel Report. Available at http://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/march09/presentations/02Niebur.pdf. 75. P. Tsou et al. 2009. A Case for an Enceladus Flyby Sample Return, LIFE. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. J. Lunine et al. 2009. The Science of Titan and Its Future Exploration. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. T. Hurford et al. 2009. The Case for Enceladus Science. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. T. Hurford et al. 2009. The Case for an Enceladus New Frontiers Mission. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. 76. W. McKinnon et al. 2009. Exploration Strategy for the Outer Planets 2013-2022: Goals and Priorities. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. 77. A. Razzaghi et al. 2007. Enceladus Flagship Mission Concept Study, Goddard Spaceflight Center. 78. A. Razzaghi et al. 2007. Enceladus Flagship Mission Concept Study, Goddard Spaceflight Center. 79. L. Lemke. 2009. Heavier Than Air Vehicles For Titan Exploration. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, National Research Council. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 8-41
9 Recommended Flight Investigations: 2013-2022 JUDGING MISSION AND RELATED PRIORITIES The statement of task for this study (Appendix A) called for creation of a prioritized list of flight investigations for the decade 2013-2022. This chapter addresses that request. A prioritized list implies that the elements of the list have been judged and ordered with respect to a set of appropriate criteria. Four criteria were used. The first and most important was science return per dollar. Science return was judged with respect to the key scientific questions described in Chapter 3; costs were estimated via a procedure described below. The second was programmatic balance—striving to achieve an appropriate balance among mission targets across the solar system and an appropriate mix of small, medium, and large missions. The other two criteria were technological readiness and availability of trajectory opportunities within the 2013-2022 time period. The recommendations in this chapter are also informed by key findings and recommendations of Chapters 4-8. These are summarized in Table 9.1. UNDERLYING PROGRAMMATIC REQUIREMENTS The individual flight projects for the coming decade must be considered within the context of the broader program of planetary exploration. The goal is to develop a fully integrated strategy of flight projects, technology development, and supporting research that maximizes the value of scientific knowledge gained over the decade. All of the recommendations that follow assume the following programmatic requirements: • Continue missions currently in flight, subject to approval via the appropriate senior review process. These missions include the Cassini mission to the Saturn system, several ongoing Mars missions, the New Horizons mission to Pluto, ongoing Discovery missions, and others. Ensure a level of funding that is adequate for successful operation, analysis of data, and publication of the results of these missions, and for extended missions that afford rich new science return. • Continue missions currently in development. These include the GRAIL Discovery mission, the Juno New Frontiers mission, and the MSL and MAVEN missions to Mars. • Increase funding for fundamental research and analysis grant programs, beginning with a 5 percent increase above the total finally approved fiscal year (FY) 2011 expenditures and then growing at an additional 1.5 percent per year above inflation for the remainder of the decade (Chapter 10). This increase will enable the full scientific benefits of ongoing and future flight projects to be reaped. • Establish and maintain a significant and steady level of funding (6 to 8 percent of the planetary exploration budget) for development of technologies that will enable future planetary flight projects. • Continue to support and upgrade the technical expertise and infrastructure in implementing organizations that support solar system exploration missions. Continue to convey the results of planetary exploration to the general public via a robust program of education and public outreach. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 9-1
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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Future Directions for Investigation
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Page 241 and 242: TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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Page 253 and 254: FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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Page 277 and 278: 7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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Page 307 and 308: partnership with the Department of
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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