Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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EPOXI: The name of the extended mission of NASA’s Deep Impact spacecraft. The name is a combination of Extrasolar Planet Observation and Characterization and Deep Impact Extended Investigation, the two phases of the extended mission. ESMD: NASA’s Exploration Systems Mission Directorate. Exogenic: Relating to a process of external origin. Exoplanets: Planets formed around stars other than the Sun. Felsic rock: A class of rock which crystallizes from silicate minerals at relatively low temperatures and has a high percentage of silica. Fischer-Tropsch reaction: A method for the synthesis of hydrocarbons and other carbon compounds. Typically, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is reacted in the presence of an iron or cobalt catalyst to produce methane and other organic compounds, with water and carbon dioxide as by-products. Fluvial: Relating to flowing water. Flux: A measure of the energy or number of particles passing through a given area of surface in unit time. FUSE: NASA’s Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Ga: One billion years GCM: General Circulation Model. GN&C: Guidance, Navigation and Control. Gossamer ring: The outermost rings of Jupiter. GPS: Global Positioning System. GRAIL: NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory mission. GSFC: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Gusev crater: A 144-km-wide crater located some 15 degrees south of the equator of Mars that was the landing site for Spirit, one of the Mars Exploration Rovers. Hadley-like convection: A type of circulation pattern seen in planetary atmospheres. Warm, lowdensity material rises near the equator, flows towards the poles and cools. Cooler, high-density material sinks in the subtropics and floes equatorward along the surface. H/He ratio: Hydrogen to Helium ratio. HDO: A form of heavy water where one hydrogen atom is replaced by a deuterium atom. Hesperian epoch: The middle of three broad time periods into which the geologic history of Mars has been divided, extending very roughly from about 3.5 to about 1.8 billion years ago. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION F-4
HST: Hubble Space Telescope. Hydrosphere: All bodies of water on a planet, as distinguished from the lithosphere and the atmosphere. Hydrothermal: Relating to the action of hot liquid or gas within or on the surface of a planet. IDP: Interplanetary Dust Particle. ILN: International Lunar Network. Informatics: The study of information processing. Ionosphere: The region of a planet’s atmosphere that is kept partially ionized by solar ultraviolet and x ray irradiation. IR: Infrared IRTF: Infrared Telescope Facility ISIS: Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers Isotope: One of two or more atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons in the nucleus but a different number of neutrons. ISS: International Space Station. ITAR: International Traffic in Arms Regulations. Jarosite: A yellowish or brownish mineral, a hydrous sulfate of potassium and iron, occurring in small crystals or large masses. JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. JEO: Jupiter Europa Orbiter. JGO: Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter. JPL: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. KBO: Kuiper Belt Object. Keck: Keck Observatory. Kuiper Belt: A region of the outer solar system containing icy planetesimals distributed in a roughly circular disk some 40 to 100 AU from the Sun. Lacustrine: Pertaining to a lake or other standing body of liquid. LADEE: Lunar Atmosphere, Dust, and Environment Explorer. LARS: Laboratory Analysis of Returned Samples. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION F-5
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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Page 352 and 353: TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
Page 354 and 355: M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Page 358 and 359: C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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Page 362 and 363: Schedule To aid in the assessment o
Page 364 and 365: FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
Page 366 and 367: Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Page 372 and 373: Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
Page 374 and 375: Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
Page 376 and 377: Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
Page 378 and 379: Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
Page 380 and 381: SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
Page 382 and 383: Overview The purpose of this rapid
Page 384 and 385: Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Page 388 and 389: • Characterize the local meteorol
Page 390 and 391: • Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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Page 396 and 397: FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
Page 398 and 399: Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
Page 402 and 403: Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
Page 404 and 405: Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
Page 406 and 407: Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
Page 408 and 409: Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
Page 410: G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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