Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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TABLE ES.3 Large Class Missions (in priority order) Mission Recommendation Scientific Objectives Key Challenges Decision Rules Chapter Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher Descope Jupiter Europa Orbiter Descope Uranus Orbiter and Probe (no Solar Electric Propulsion stage) • Perform in situ science on Mars samples to look for evidence of ancient life or pre-biotic chemistry • Collect, document, and package samples for future collection and return to Earth Explore Europa to investigate its habitability • Investigate the interior structure, atmosphere, and composition of Uranus • Observe the Uranus satellite and ring systems • Keeping within Mars Science Laboratory design constraints • Sample handling, encapsulation, and containerization • Increased rover traverse speed over MSL and MER • Radiation • Mass • Power • Instruments • Demanding entry probe mission • Long life (15.4 years) for orbiter • High magnetic cleanliness for orbiter • System mass and power Should be flown only if it can be conducted for a cost to NASA of no more than approximately $2.5 billion (FY ’15 dollars) Should be flown only if changes to both the mission design and the NASA planetary budget make it affordable without eliminating any other recommended missions. Should be initiated even if both MAX-C and JEO take place. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION ES-8 6 8 7
Summary This report was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) to review and assess the current status of planetary science and to develop a comprehensive science and mission strategy that updates and extends the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) 2002 planetary decadal survey, New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy. 1 As is standard for a decadal survey, the Committee on the Planetary Science Decadal Survey that was established to write this report broadly canvassed the planetary science community to determine the current state of knowledge and to identify the most important scientific questions to be addressed during the period 2013-2022. The ground- and space-based programmatic initiatives needed to address these important questions are identified, assessed, and prioritized. The committee also addressed relevant programmatic and implementation issues of interest to NASA and NSF. SCOPE OF THIS REPORT The scope of this report spans the scientific disciplines that collectively encompass the ground- and space-based elements of planetary science. It also covers the physical territory within the committee’s purview; the solar system’s principal constituents. This territory includes the following: • The major rocky bodies in the inner solar system; • The giant planets in the outer solar system; • The satellites of the giant planets; and • Primitive solar system bodies. The committee imposed programmatic boundary conditions, largely derived from its statement of task, to ensure that this report contains actionable advice: • The principal findings and recommendations contained in New Frontiers in the Solar System and more recent NRC reports relevant to planetary science activities were assessed, and incorporated where appropriate. Missions identified in those past reports were reprioritized if they had not yet been confirmed for implementation. • Priorities for spacecraft missions to the Moon, Mars, and other solar system bodies were treated in a unified manner with no predetermined “set asides” for specific bodies. This differs distinctly from the ground rules for the 2003 planetary decadal survey, where missions to Mars were prioritized separately. • The committee’s programmatic recommendations were designed to be achievable within the boundaries of anticipated NASA and NSF funding. • The report is cognizant of the current statutory roles of NSF and NASA, and how these roles may or may not be consistent with current practices within these agencies regarding support for specific activities—e.g., the funding mechanisms, construction, and operation of ground-based observatories. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION S-1
Page 1 and 2: PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
Page 3 and 4: The National Academy of Sciences is
Page 5 and 6: COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
Page 7 and 8: STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
Page 9 and 10: Preface Strategic planning activiti
Page 11 and 12: statement of task’s call for “i
Page 13 and 14: Understand the Processes That Contr
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary In recent years,
Page 17 and 18: however, that the Discovery program
Page 19 and 20: • Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
Page 21: TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
Page 25 and 26: • Recent volcanic activity on Ven
Page 27 and 28: Mission Study Process and Technical
Page 29 and 30: Near the end of the past decade, NA
Page 31 and 32: • Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
Page 33 and 34: development, and descoped or cancel
Page 35 and 36: Plausible circumstances could impro
Page 37 and 38: Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
Page 39 and 40: Sample curation facilities are crit
Page 41 and 42: consider making equivalent systems
Page 43 and 44: committee concluded that for the mo
Page 45 and 46: alanced ground-based solar astronom
Page 47 and 48: 1 Introduction to Planetary Science
Page 49 and 50: THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
Page 51 and 52: Medium The first decadal survey ide
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
Page 55 and 56: FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
Page 57 and 58: FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
Page 59 and 60: • The committee’s programmatic
Page 61 and 62: • Opportunities for joint venture
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
Page 65 and 66: 2 National and International Progra
Page 67 and 68: FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
Page 69 and 70: NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
Page 71 and 72: More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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