Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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• Characterize the local meteorology and provide ground truths for orbital climate measurements. Mission Design The mission studied includes two independent, identical spacecraft. Each spacecraft consists of a lander, an entry system, and a cruise stage. These elements would be combined in a Phoenix-like architecture with a powered-descent lander. The main instrument on each lander is a seismometer. The mission would nominally launch on a single Atlas V 401 launch vehicle. Both horizontal (stacked) and vertical (parallel) launch configurations were considered. Although the latter configuration would mitigate the risk of separation failure of the first lander affecting deployment of the second lander, the former configuration was ultimately chosen to simplify development and to forgo the need for a larger launch vehicle. September 2022 was chosen as the nominal launch date for this study, followed by typical cruise duration of some 6 months. Mission Challenges The concept was susceptible to common risks associated with Mars in-situ vehicles. The most prominent risks identified were failure of the entry, descent and landing (EDL) system of one or both landers. Due to the concept’s design heritage, most notably derived from the Phoenix mission, no significant technology development program was deemed necessary. Conclusions Both instrumentation and spacecraft architecture benefit from an established technology base and therefore are considered at a high level of technological maturity. Most mission- and operations risks stem from the simultaneous launch and deployment of two spacecraft requiring separate EDL. The mission was given lower scientific priority, however, than the Mars missions recommended in Chapter 9. MARS POLAR CLIMATE MISSION A mission concept study performed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Overview A rapid mission architecture study was conducted to explore which science objectives related to the study of the martian climate via the record preserved in the polar-layered deposits could be pursued by small- to moderate-size mission. Five concepts were studied: two orbiters, two stationary landers, and a mobile lander. Science Objectives • Understand the mechanism and chronology of climate change on Mars. • Determine the age and evolution of the polar-layered deposits (PLDs). • Determine the astrobiological potential of the observable water-ice deposits. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION D-8
• Determine the mass and energy budget of the PLDs and how volatiles and dust have been exchanged between polar and non-polar reservoirs. Mission Design The orbiter mission scenarios were a small orbiter with two payload options, and a medium-size orbiter combining most of the payload options from the small orbiters. Also investigated were a small stationary lander and a small-/medium-class stationary lander with a meter-scale drill. The final mission scenario was for medium-class rover with an ice sampler/rock corer, similar to the one envisioned for the Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher, as well as spectrometry instruments. Mission Challenges While no formal risk assessment was conducted for this study, it identified several areas of necessary or beneficial technology development. For orbiters, Ka-band telecommunications were envisioned, pending implementation with the Deep Space Network. All lander options assumed the availability of telecommunications relay orbiters. In addition, all landers considered in the study were likely to require precision-guided entry, pending demonstration by the Mars Science Laboratory. Some of the missions considered would also benefit from the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generators, which are currently under development and may be subject to reliability and logistics issues regarding the availability of plutonium-238. Conclusions The variety of mission concepts discussed covered a significant breadth of options for exploring Mars’s polar-layered deposits. No prioritization between these options was detailed, but the study served to illustrate the trade-space studies and instrumentation options for each of the concepts. GANYMEDE ORBITER A mission concept study performed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Overview The purpose of this full mission study was to develop an architecture suitable to perform a scientifically viable Ganymede orbiter mission and to determine the feasibility of a NASA-only Ganymede mission in case the ESA Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter is not realized. Increased mission duration and modest enhancements to the flight system were also considered to accommodate enhanced payloads for a “Baseline” and an “Augmented” mission. Science Objectives • Further characterize Ganymede’s subsurface ocean. • Investigate Ganymede’s geology including history, tectonism, icy volcanism, viscous modification of the surface, and the nature of surface contact with the ocean. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION D-9
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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Page 343 and 344: influence on the planetary science
Page 346 and 347: A Letter of Request and Statement o
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Page 350 and 351: main findings and recommendations s
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Page 366 and 367: Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Page 372 and 373: Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
Page 374 and 375: Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
Page 376 and 377: Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
Page 378 and 379: Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
Page 380 and 381: SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
Page 382 and 383: Overview The purpose of this rapid
Page 384 and 385: Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Page 390 and 391: • Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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Page 396 and 397: FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
Page 398 and 399: Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
Page 400 and 401: EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
Page 402 and 403: Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
Page 404 and 405: Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
Page 406 and 407: Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
Page 408 and 409: Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
Page 410: G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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