Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1 SUMMARY S-1 1 INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY SCIENCE 1-1 The Motivations for Planetary Science The 2002 Solar System Exploration Decadal Survey Recent Achievements in Planetary Science Scope of This Report Organization of This Report References 2 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS IN PLANETARY SCIENCE 2-1 Relationships Between Planetary Science Programs at NASA and NSF Relationships to Other NASA Science Programs Relationships to Other NSF Programs Relationship to NASA’s Human Exploration Program International Cooperation in Planetary Science References 3 PRIORITY QUESTIONS IN PLANETARY SCIENCE FOR THE NEXT DECADE 3-1 Crosscutting Themes Priority Questions Building New Worlds: Understanding Solar System Beginnings Planetary Habitats: Searching for the Requirements of Life Workings of Solar Systems: Revealing Planetary Processes Through Time References 4 THE PRIMITIVE BODIES: BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 4-1 Science Goals for the Study of Primitive Bodies Decipher the Record in Primitive Bodies of Epochs and Processes Not Obtained Elsewhere Understand the Role of Primitive Bodies as Building Blocks for Planets and Life Interconnections Supporting Research and Related Activities Instrumentation and Infrastructure Advancing Studies of the Primitive Bodies: 2013-2022 References 5 THE INNER PLANETS: THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING EARTH-LIKE WORLDS 5-1 Science Goals for the Study of Mercury, Venus, and the Moon Understand the Origin and Diversity of Terrestrial Planets Understand How the Evolution of Terrestrial Planets Enables and Limits the Origin and Evolution of Life PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION xii
Understand the Processes That Control Climate in Order to Constrain Both Long-Term Climate Evolution on Terrestrial Planets and Short-Term Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings on Earth Interconnections Supporting Research and Related Activities Technology Development Advancing Studies of the Inner Planets: 2013-2022 References 6 MARS: EVOLUTION OF AN EARTH-LIKE WORLD 6-1 Science Goals for the Study of Mars Determine If Life Ever Arose on Mars Understand the Processes and History of Climate Determine the Evolution of the Surface and Interior Interconnections Importance of Mars Sample Return Supporting Research and Related Activities Technology Development Instrumentation and Infrastructure Advancing Studies of Mars: 2013-2022 References 7 THE GIANT PLANETS: LOCAL LABORATORIES AND 7-1 GROUND TRUTH FOR PLANETS BEYOND Science Goals for the Study of Giant Planets Giant Planets as Ground Truth for Exoplanets Exploring the Giant Planet’s Roles in Promoting a Habitable Planetary System Giant Planets as Laboratories for Properties and Processes on Earth Interconnections Supporting Research and Related Activities Instrumentation and Infrastructure Advancing Studies of the Giant Planets: 2013-2022 Notes and References 8 SATELLITES: ACTIVE WORLDS AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 8-1 Science Goals for Studies of Planetary Satellites How Did the Satellites of the Outer Solar System Form and Evolve? What Processes Control the Present-Day Behavior of These Bodies? What are the Processes That Result in Habitable Environments? Interconnections Supporting Research and Related Activities Instrumentation and Infrastructure Advancing Studies of the Satellites of the Giant Planets: 2013-2022 References 9 RECOMMENDED FLIGHT INVESTIGATIONS: 2013-2022 9-1 Judging Mission and Related Priorities Underlying Programmatic Requirements Previously Recommended Missions Mission Study Process and Technical Evaluation Definition of Mission Cost Classes PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION xiii
Page 1 and 2: PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
Page 3 and 4: The National Academy of Sciences is
Page 5 and 6: COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
Page 7 and 8: STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
Page 9 and 10: Preface Strategic planning activiti
Page 11: statement of task’s call for “i
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary In recent years,
Page 17 and 18: however, that the Discovery program
Page 19 and 20: • Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
Page 21 and 22: TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
Page 23 and 24: Summary This report was requested b
Page 25 and 26: • Recent volcanic activity on Ven
Page 27 and 28: Mission Study Process and Technical
Page 29 and 30: Near the end of the past decade, NA
Page 31 and 32: • Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
Page 33 and 34: development, and descoped or cancel
Page 35 and 36: Plausible circumstances could impro
Page 37 and 38: Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
Page 39 and 40: Sample curation facilities are crit
Page 41 and 42: consider making equivalent systems
Page 43 and 44: committee concluded that for the mo
Page 45 and 46: alanced ground-based solar astronom
Page 47 and 48: 1 Introduction to Planetary Science
Page 49 and 50: THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
Page 51 and 52: Medium The first decadal survey ide
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
Page 55 and 56: FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
Page 57 and 58: FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
Page 59 and 60: • The committee’s programmatic
Page 61 and 62: • Opportunities for joint venture
Page 63 and 64:
FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
Page 65 and 66:
2 National and International Progra
Page 67 and 68:
FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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Page 253 and 254:
FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
Page 352 and 353:
TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
Page 356 and 357:
Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
Page 370 and 371:
Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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