Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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FIGURE 1.4 Launch of the New Horizons mission in January 2006. New Horizons is the first of the New Frontiers missions and was a top priority in the last decadal survey. New Horizons explores a completely new region of the solar system, the Kuiper belt, a region discovered by ground-based observers. SOURCE: NASA. Large Non-Mars Mission Priorities in 2002 Europa Geophysical Explorer was the only large mission identified: a spacecraft to orbit Europa and determine the nature and depth of the subsurface ocean postulated to exist beneath Europa’s ice shell. Although much planning has occurred, the mission has not been initiated. Current efforts focus on implementing this mission in the context of a joint NASA-ESA Europa Jupiter System Mission (Chapters 8 and 9). PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 1-4
Medium The first decadal survey identified five medium-class initiatives to collectively initiate the competitively selected line of New Frontiers missions. These initiatives were, in priority order: 1. Kuiper Belt-Pluto Explorer—A mission to perform the initial spacecraft reconnaissance of the Pluto/Charon system as well as one or more other Kuiper belt objects. This mission is currently being implemented as the New Horizons mission launched in 2006 and scheduled to reach Pluto in 2015 (Figure 1.4). Subsequently, the spacecraft will be redirected so that it passes near to at least one additional Kuiper belt object, as was recommended in the 2002 planetary sciences decadal survey. 2. South Pole-Aitken Basin Sample Return—A mission to return a sample from the oldest and deepest impact basin on the Moon. An implementation of this mission called MoonRise was a runner up for the second New Frontiers selection and is currently a finalist for the third. Selection of the third New Frontiers mission is scheduled for 2011. 3. Jupiter Polar Orbiter with Probes—A mission to determine the internal structure of Jupiter. An implementation of this priority without probes called Juno was selected as the second New Frontiers mission. Juno is scheduled for launch in 2011 (Figure 1.5). 4. Venus In Situ Explorer—A mission to determine the geochemical characteristics of the surface of Venus and to study its atmosphere. An implementation of this mission was a runner up for the second New Frontiers selection and a new concept call the Surface and Atmosphere Geochemical Explorer (SAGE) is currently a finalist for the third selection. 5. Comet Surface Sample Return—A mission to collect and return surface samples of a comet to Earth. This mission has not yet been attempted. The selection of New Horizons and Juno as the first two New Frontiers missions prompted NASA in 2007 to request a new NRC study to suggest additional candidate missions to supplement the remaining three. The subsequent report, Opening New Frontiers in Space: Choices for the Next New Frontiers Announcement of Opportunity, 3 identified five additional candidates. They were, in alphabetical order: • Asteroid Rover/Sample Return—A mission to rendezvous with an asteroid, land, collect surface samples, and return them to Earth for analysis. An implementation of this mission called the Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) is currently a finalist for the third New Frontiers launch opportunity. • Ganymede Observer—A mission to perform detailed studies of the third of Jupiter’s Galilean satellites, the largest satellite in the solar system. • Io Observer—A mission to study the innermost of Jupiter’s Galilean satellites, the most volcanically active body in the solar system. • Network Science—A mission to deploy an array of small landers on the Moon or one of the terrestrial planets to perform coordinated geophysical and/or meteorological observations. • Trojan/Centaur/Reconnaissance—A mission to perform the initial characterization of one or more Trojan asteroids and a Centaur. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 1-5
Page 1 and 2: PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
Page 3 and 4: The National Academy of Sciences is
Page 5 and 6: COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
Page 7 and 8: STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
Page 9 and 10: Preface Strategic planning activiti
Page 11 and 12: statement of task’s call for “i
Page 13 and 14: Understand the Processes That Contr
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary In recent years,
Page 17 and 18: however, that the Discovery program
Page 19 and 20: • Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
Page 21 and 22: TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
Page 23 and 24: Summary This report was requested b
Page 25 and 26: • Recent volcanic activity on Ven
Page 27 and 28: Mission Study Process and Technical
Page 29 and 30: Near the end of the past decade, NA
Page 31 and 32: • Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
Page 33 and 34: development, and descoped or cancel
Page 35 and 36: Plausible circumstances could impro
Page 37 and 38: Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
Page 39 and 40: Sample curation facilities are crit
Page 41 and 42: consider making equivalent systems
Page 43 and 44: committee concluded that for the mo
Page 45 and 46: alanced ground-based solar astronom
Page 47 and 48: 1 Introduction to Planetary Science
Page 49: THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
Page 55 and 56: FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
Page 57 and 58: FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
Page 59 and 60: • The committee’s programmatic
Page 61 and 62: • Opportunities for joint venture
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
Page 65 and 66: 2 National and International Progra
Page 67 and 68: FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
Page 69 and 70: NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
Page 71 and 72: More recently, among the goals of t
Page 73 and 74: FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
Page 75 and 76: investigations should still be deve
Page 77 and 78: FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
Page 79 and 80: 3 Shared objectives that incorporat
Page 81 and 82: 3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
Page 83 and 84: • How have the myriad chemical an
Page 85 and 86: How Did the Giant Planets and Their
Page 87 and 88: heavy bombardment? Clues to address
Page 89 and 90: Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
Page 91 and 92: We lack critical geophysical data a
Page 93 and 94: detected in time. The report conclu
Page 95 and 96: How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
Page 97 and 98: 13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
Page 99 and 100: 51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
Page 101 and 102:
4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
Page 185 and 186:
Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
Page 406 and 407:
Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
Page 408 and 409:
Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
Page 410:
G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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