Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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Treiman, Groundbreaking Sample Return from Mars: The Next Giant Leap in Understanding the Red Planet 81. Numerous previous studies have consistently pointed out the important contributions that sample-return missions from planetary bodies can make to virtually every area of solar system exploration in general, and to Mars exploration in particular. For general discussions of the importance of samplereturn missions see the following and references therein: M.J. Drake, W.V. Boynton, and D.P. Blanchard, “The Case for Planetary Sample Return Missions: 1. Origin of the Solar System,” Eos 68:105, 111-113, 1987. J.L. Gooding, M.H. Carr, and C.P. McKay, “The Case for Planetary Sample Return Missions: 2. History of Mars,” Eos 70:745, 754-755, 1989. G. Ryder, P.D. Spudis, and G.J. Taylor, “The Case for Planetary Sample Return Missions: 3. The Origin and Evolution of the Moon and Its Environment,” Eos 70:1495, 1505-1509, 1989. T.D. Swindle, J.S. Lewis, and L.A. McFadden, “The Case for Planetary Sample Return Missions: 4. Near-Earth Asteroids and the History of Planetary Formation,” Eos 72:473, 479-480, 1991. National Research Council, Assessment of Mars Science and Mission Priorities, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2001, pp. 83-88. 82. A Mars sample-return mission has been an essential component of the Mars exploration strategies advocated by the National Research Council for 30 years. For specific discussions, see the following: National Research Council, Strategy for the Exploration of the Inner Planets: 1977-1987, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1978. National Research Council, Update to Strategy for Exploration of the Inner Planets, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1990. National Research Council, International Cooperation for Mars Exploration and Sample Return, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1990, pp. 1, 3, and 25. National Research Council, An Integrated Strategy for the Planetary Sciences: 1995-2010, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1994. National Research Council, Review of NASA’s Planned Mars Program, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1996, pp. 3, 26, and 29. National Research Council, Assessment of Mars Science and Mission Priorities, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2001, pp. 3, 83-88, and 99-102. National Research Council, New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2003, pp. 85-87. National Research Council, An Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2007, pp.8-9 and 105-107. 83. Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group Next Decade Science Analysis Group. 2008. Science Priorities for Mars Sample Return. March. Available at http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/ndsag.html. L.M. Pratt, C. Allen, A.C. Allwood, A. Anbar, S.K. Atreya, D.W. Beaty, M.H. Carr, A. Crisp, D.J.D. Marais, J.A. Grant, D.P. Glavin, et al. 2009. Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C): A Potential Rover Mission for 2018. Final report from the Mid-Range Rover Science Analysis Group (MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG). November 10. Available at http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/. 84. Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group Next Decade Science Analysis Group. 2008. Science Priorities for Mars Sample Return. March. Available at http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/ndsag.html. L.M. Pratt, C. Allen, A.C. Allwood, A. Anbar, S.K. Atreya, D.W. Beaty, M.H. Carr, A. Crisp, D.J.D. Marais, J.A. Grant, D.P. Glavin, et al. 2009. Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C): A Potential Rover Mission for 2018. Final report from the Mid-Range Rover Science Analysis Group PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 6-40
(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG). November 10. Available at http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/. 85. Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group Next Decade Science Analysis Group. 2008. Science Priorities for Mars Sample Return. March. Available at http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/ndsag.html. L.E. Borg, D.J.D. Marais, D.W. Beaty, O. Aharonson, S.A. Benner, D.D. Bogard, J.C. Bridges, C.J. Budney, W.M. Calvin, B.C. Clark, J.L. Eigenbrode, et al. 2008. Science priorities for Mars sample return. Astrobiology 8:489-535. 86. Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group Next Decade Science Analysis Group. 2008. Science Priorities for Mars Sample Return. March. Available at http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/ndsag.html. L.E. Borg, D.J.D. Marais, D.W. Beaty, O. Aharonson, S.A. Benner, D.D. Bogard, J.C. Bridges, C.J. Budney, W.M. Calvin, B.C. Clark, J.L. Eigenbrode, et al. 2008. Science priorities for Mars sample return. Astrobiology 8:489-535. 87. Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group Next Decade Science Analysis Group. 2008. Science Priorities for Mars Sample Return. March. Available at http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/ndsag.html. L.E. Borg, D.J.D. Marais, D.W. Beaty, O. Aharonson, S.A. Benner, D.D. Bogard, J.C. Bridges, C.J. Budney, W.M. Calvin, B.C. Clark, J.L. Eigenbrode, et al. 2008. Science priorities for Mars sample return. Astrobiology 8:489-535. 88. See, for example, the Samad Hayati, Strategic Technology Development for Future Mars Missions, white paper received by decadal survey. 89. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.E. Novak, T. Hewagama, B.P. Bonev, M.A. DiSanti, A.M. Mandell, and M.D. Smith. 2009. Strong release of methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003. Science 323:1041-1045, doi: 1010.1126/science.1165243. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 6-41
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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Page 145 and 146: • Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
Page 147 and 148: FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
Page 149 and 150: Important scientific objectives tha
Page 151 and 152: BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
Page 153 and 154: 4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
Page 155 and 156: 6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
Page 157 and 158: BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
Page 159 and 160: live there now?”—both key compo
Page 161 and 162: characteristics (water, gradients i
Page 163 and 164: availability, physicochemical facto
Page 165 and 166: UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
Page 167 and 168: FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
Page 169 and 170: particularly the polar-layered depo
Page 171 and 172: FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
Page 173 and 174: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 175 and 176: planets and for understanding subse
Page 177 and 178: experiments, compounded by the unce
Page 179 and 180: Curation Martian samples require sc
Page 181 and 182: particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
Page 183 and 184: environmental conditions including
Page 185 and 186: Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
Page 187 and 188: R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
Page 189 and 190: 27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
Page 191 and 192: B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
Page 193: 72. White papers received by decada
Page 197 and 198: the solar system formed. Understand
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
Page 201 and 202: temperatures, helium is enhanced in
Page 203 and 204: FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
Page 205 and 206: Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
Page 207 and 208: Jupiters seen around other stars in
Page 209 and 210: • What causes the enormous differ
Page 211 and 212: FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
Page 213 and 214: EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
Page 215 and 216: destroy areas of land equivalent to
Page 217 and 218: • Assess tidal evolution within g
Page 219 and 220: • What processes drive the visibl
Page 221 and 222: esolution visible and near-infrared
Page 223 and 224: INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
Page 225 and 226: SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
Page 227 and 228: FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
Page 229 and 230: Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
Page 231 and 232: 8. Determine the composition, struc
Page 233 and 234: Summary To achieve the primary goal
Page 235 and 236: Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
Page 237 and 238: 54. White papers received by decada
Page 239 and 240: 92. White papers received by decada
Page 241 and 242: TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
Page 243 and 244: organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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