Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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At Jupiter, the Pluto-bound New Horizons spacecraft demonstrated the potential of high data rates and sensitive instrumentation for illuminating active volcanic processes on Io, capturing spectacular images and movies of its volcanic plumes (Figure 8.7). 25 FIGURE 8.5 Thermal emission from a small part of Baghdad Sulcus, a “tiger stripe” fissure near Enceladus’s south pole, seen by Cassini at a wavelength of 9-16 µm in 2009. Thermal emission intensity is color coded from blue (negligible) to yellow (most intense). Inferred surface temperatures exceed 180 K. SOURCE: NASA/JPL/GSFC/SwRI/SSI. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 8-13
FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated by water vapor and ice particles, but containing a rich mixture of other compounds, emanate from the active warm fractures at Enceladus’s south pole. This Cassini image is 130 km across. SOURCE: NASA/JPL/SSI. FIGURE 8.7 Three frames from a movie of Io’s Tvashtar plume, showing plume motion on minute timescales, taken by the New Horizons during its 2007 Jupiter flyby. Motion of one feature in the plume is highlighted by the arrows. Io’s diameter is 3642 kilometers. SOURCE: NASA/APL/SwRI. Important Questions Much remains to be learned about active volcanic and tectonic processes. Some important questions include the following: • What mechanisms drive and sustain Enceladus’s plumes and active tiger stripe tectonics? • What are the magnitude, spatial distribution, temporal variability, and dissipation mechanisms of tidal heating within Io, Europa, and Enceladus? PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 8-14
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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Future Directions for Investigation
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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Page 203 and 204: FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Page 209 and 210: • What causes the enormous differ
Page 211 and 212: FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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Page 217 and 218: • Assess tidal evolution within g
Page 219 and 220: • What processes drive the visibl
Page 221 and 222: esolution visible and near-infrared
Page 223 and 224: INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
Page 225 and 226: SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
Page 227 and 228: FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
Page 229 and 230: Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
Page 231 and 232: 8. Determine the composition, struc
Page 233 and 234: Summary To achieve the primary goal
Page 235 and 236: Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
Page 237 and 238: 54. White papers received by decada
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Page 241 and 242: TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
Page 243 and 244: organisms live there now?” Titan
Page 245 and 246: • Why are Titan and Callisto appa
Page 247 and 248: Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
Page 249 and 250: valuable window into solar system h
Page 251: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 255 and 256: FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
Page 257 and 258: orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
Page 259 and 260: Cassini has revealed that most of t
Page 261 and 262: satellite interiors should include
Page 263 and 264: Future Directions for Investigation
Page 265 and 266: hardened technology for Io and Gany
Page 267 and 268: FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
Page 269 and 270: FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
Page 271 and 272: Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
Page 273 and 274: 1. What is the nature of Enceladus
Page 275 and 276: the majority of the Jupiter Europa
Page 277 and 278: 7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
Page 279 and 280: 45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
Page 281 and 282: 9 Recommended Flight Investigations
Page 283 and 284: All of the recommendations below ar
Page 285 and 286: As discussed in more detail below,
Page 287 and 288: • Ensure that there are adequate
Page 289 and 290: TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
Page 291 and 292: overarching questions in Chapter 3.
Page 293 and 294: These five were selected from the s
Page 295 and 296: The Mars community, in their inputs
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Page 299 and 300: (a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
Page 301 and 302: As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
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Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
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C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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were all full mission studies selec
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Schedule To aid in the assessment o
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FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
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Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
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Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Mars Sample Return Lander and Mars
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Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
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Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
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Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
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SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
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Overview The purpose of this rapid
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Conclusions Based on analyses of th
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Technology development was found to
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• Characterize the local meteorol
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• Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
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landing in the small southern lakes
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atmospheric probe and another a sep
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FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
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Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
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EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
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Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
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Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
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Protoplanet: A planet in the proces
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Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
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G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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